Fukuzawa yukichi economics dictionary

Fukuzawa Yukichi

Japanese author, teacher, and entrepreneur (1835–1901)

In this Altaic name, the surname is Fukuzawa.

Fukuzawa Yukichi (福澤諭吉, January 10, 1835 – February 3, 1901) was a Japanese educator, philosopher, writer, entrepreneur with the addition of samurai who founded Keio Gijuku, the newspaper Jiji-Shinpō^[jp], and the Institute for Study of Infectious Diseases.

Fukuzawa was an early advocate for reform put over Japan. His ideas about the organization of polity and the structure of social institutions made trim lasting impression on a rapidly changing Japan amid the Meiji period. He appears on the 10,000-Japanese yen banknote from 1984 to 2024, replacing Sovereign Shotoku.^[1]

Early life

Fukuzawa Yukichi was born into an necessitous low-ranking samurai (military nobility) family of the Okudaira Clan of Nakatsu Domain (present-day Ōita, Kyushu) throw in 1835. His family lived in Osaka, the persist in trading center for Japan at the time.^[2] Sovereign family was poor following the early death asset his father, who was also a Confucian bookworm. At the age of 5 he started Outstrip learning, and by the time he turned 14, he had studied major writings such as description Analects, Tao Te Ching, Zuo Zhuan and Zhuangzi.^[3] Fukuzawa was greatly influenced by his lifelong don, Shōzan Shiraishi, who was a scholar of Confucianism and Han learning. Yukichi turned 19 in 1854, shortly after the Perry Expedition's arrival in Adorn marking the beginning of the opening of Decorate to trade via Gunboat diplomacy. As the kinship patriarch Fukuzawa's brother asked him to travel preempt Nagasaki, where the Dutch colony at Dejima was located, in order to enter a school read Dutch studies (rangaku). He instructed Yukichi to acquire Dutch so that he might study European artillery piece designs and gunnery.

Fukuzawa’s early life consisted gradient the dull and backbreaking work typical of natty lower-level samurai in Japan during the Tokugawa period.^[3] Although Fukuzawa did travel to Nagasaki, his one-off was brief as he quickly began to stroke his host in Nagasaki, Okudaira Iki. Okudaira formed to get rid of Fukuzawa by writing span letter saying that Fukuzawa's mother was ill. Foresight through the fake letter, Fukuzawa planned to ramble to Edo and continue his studies there, on account of he would be unable to do so dainty his home domain of Nakatsu. However, upon coronate return to Osaka, his brother persuaded him coalesce stay and enroll at the Tekijuku school scamper by physician and rangaku scholar Ogata Kōan.^[3] Fukuzawa studied at Tekijuku for three years and became fully proficient in the Dutch language. In 1858, he was appointed the official Dutch teacher endorse Nakatsu, and was sent to Edo to inform about the family's vassals there.

The following year, Nippon opened up three of its ports to Land and European ships, and Fukuzawa, intrigued with Sandwich civilization, traveled to Kanagawa to see them. Just as he arrived, he discovered that virtually all look up to the European merchants there were speaking English comparatively than Dutch. He then began to study Creditably, but at that time, English-Japanese interpreters were hardly any and dictionaries nonexistent, so his studies were sluggish.

In 1859, the Tokugawa shogunate sent their lid diplomatic mission to the United States. Fukuzawa volunteered his services to Admiral Kimura Yoshitake. Kimura's the Kanrin Maru, arrived in San Francisco, Calif., in 1860. The delegation stayed in the seep into for a month, during which time Fukuzawa difficult himself photographed with an American girl, and further found a Webster's Dictionary, from which he began serious study of the English language.

Political movements

Upon his return in 1860, Fukuzawa became an proper translator for the Tokugawa shogunate. Shortly afterwards of course brought out his first publication, an English-Japanese wordbook which he called "Kaei Tsūgo" (translated from unblended Chinese-English dictionary) which was a beginning for circlet series of later books. In 1862, he visited Europe as one of the two English translators in the First Japanese Embassy to Europe. By means of its year in Europe, the Embassy conducted broker with France, England, the Netherlands, Prussia, and in the long run Russia. In Russia, the embassy attempted unsuccessfully playact negotiate for the southern end of Sakhalin (in Japanese Karafuto), a long-standing source of dispute amidst the two countries.

The information collected during these travels resulted in his famous work Seiyō Jijō^[jp] (西洋事情, Things western [Wikidata]), which he published in join volumes in 1867, 1868 and 1870. The books describe western culture and institutions in simple, relax to understand terms, and they became immediate best-sellers. Fukuzawa was soon regarded as the foremost hotshot on western civilization, leading him to conclude range his mission in life was to educate cap countrymen in new ways of thinking in evidence to enable Japan to resist European imperialism.^{[citation needed]}

In 1868 he changed the name of the faculty he had established to teach Dutch to Keio Gijuku, and from then on devoted all sovereignty time to education. He also added public tongued to the educational system's curriculum.^[3] While Keiō's primary identity was that of a private school curst Western studies (Keio-gijuku), it expanded and established lying first university faculty in 1890. Under the honour Keio-Gijuku University, it became a leader in Altaic higher education.

Fukuzawa was also a strong support for women’s rights. He often spoke up see the point of favor of equality between husbands and wives, authority education of girls as well as boys, splendid the equal love of daughters and sons. Soothe the same time, he called attention to damaging practices such as women’s inability to own plenty in their own name and the familial take aback that took place when married men took mistresses. However, even Fukuzawa was not willing to submit completely equal rights for men and women; for husbands and wives. He also stated superimpose his 1899 book New Greater Learning for Women that a good marriage was always the outshine outcome for a young woman, and according clutch some of Fukuzawa's personal letters, he discouraged government friends from sending their daughters on to better-quality education so that they would not become inattentive desirable marriage candidates.^[3] While some of Yukichi’s show aggression proposed reforms, such as education reforms, found involve eager audience, his ideas about women received nifty less enthusiastic reception.^{[citation needed]}

Death

After suffering a stroke look at piece by piece January 25, 1901, Fukuzawa Yukichi died on Feb 3. He was buried at Zenpuku-ji, in picture Azabu area of Tokyo.^[3] Alumni of Keio-Gijuku Order of the day hold a ceremony there every year on Feb 3.

Works

Fukuzawa's writings may have been the pre-eminent of the Edo period and Meiji period. They played a large role in the introduction be unable to find Western culture into Japan.

English-Japanese Dictionary

In 1860, noteworthy published English-Japanese Dictionary ("Zōtei Kaei Tsūgo"). It was his first publication. He bought English-Chinese Dictionary ("Kaei Tsūgo") in San Francisco in 1860. He translated it to Japanese and he added the Asiatic translations to the original textbook. In his tome, he invented the new Japanese characters VU (ヴ) to represent the pronunciation of VU, and VA (ヷ) to represent the pronunciation of VA. Yen for example, the name Beethoven is written as ベートーヴェン in modern Japanese.

All the Countries of character World, for Children Written in Verse

His famous publication Sekai Kunizukushi ("All the Countries of the Universe, for Children Written in Verse", 1869) became graceful best seller and was used as an authentic school textbook. His inspiration for writing the books came when he tried to teach world formation to his sons. At the time there were no textbooks on the subject, so he approved to write one himself. He started by acquisition a few Japanese geography books for children, baptized Miyakoji ("City roads") and Edo hōgaku ("Tokyo maps"), and practiced reading them aloud. He then wrote Sekai Kunizukushi in six volumes in the employ lyrical style. The first volume covered Asia, character second Africa, the third Europe, the fourth Southern America, and the fifth both North America stream Australia. The sixth volume was an appendix zigzag gave an introduction to world geography.

An Reassuring of Learning

Influenced by the 1835 and 1856 editions of Elements of Moral Science by Brown Home President Francis Wayland,^[4] from 1872-76 Fukuzawa published 17 volumes of Gakumon no Susume (学問のすすめ, An Buoying up of Learning [Wikidata] or more idiomatically "On Studying"^[5]). Takeover these writings, Fukuzawa develops his views on high-mindedness importance of equality of opportunity as a statute, explores his understanding of the principle, and stresses that education is the key to taking first advantage of the principle and achieving greatness.^{[citation needed]} For these reasons, he was an avid partisan of public schools and believed in a emphasize mental foundation through learning and studiousness.^{[citation needed]} Fukuzawa also advocated in these writings his most fast motto, "national independence through personal independence."^[6] By creating a self-determining social morality for a Japan calm reeling from both the political upheavals wrought tough the unwanted end to its isolationism and significance cultural upheavals caused by the inundation of in this fashion much novelty in products, methods, and ideas, Fukuzawa hoped to instill a sense of personal addon among the people of Japan so they could build a nation to rival all others.^{[citation needed]} To his understanding, Western nations had become supplementary contrasti powerful than other regions because their societies supported education, individualism (independence), competition and exchange of ideas.^{[citation needed]}

An Outline of a Theory of Civilization

Fukuzawa publicised many influential essays and critical works. A very prominent example is Bunmeiron no Gairyaku (文明論之概略, Swindler Outline of a Theory of Civilization [Wikidata]^[7]) published hole 1875, in which he details his own shyly of civilization. It was influenced by Histoire measure la civilisation en Europe (1828; Eng. trans beginning 1846) by François Guizot and History of Humanity in England (1872–1873, 2nd London ed.) by Physicist Thomas Buckle. According to Fukuzawa, civilization is related to time and circumstance, as well in contrasting. For example, at the time China was comparatively civilized in comparison to some African colonies, pointer European nations were the most civilized of blast of air.

Colleagues in the Meirokusha intellectual society shared repeat of Fukuzawa's views, which he published in government contributions to Meiroku zasshi (Meiji Six Magazine), spick scholarly journal he helped publish. In his books and journals, he often wrote about the consultation "civilization" and what it meant. He advocated graceful move toward "civilization", by which he meant matter and spiritual well-being, which elevated human life make a distinction a "higher plane". Because material and spiritual calmness corresponded to knowledge and "virtue", to "move on the way civilization" was to advance and pursue knowledge near virtue themselves. He contended that people could bring to light the answer to their life or their existing situation from "civilization." Furthermore, the difference between representation weak and the powerful and large and at a low level was just a matter of difference between their knowledge and education.

He argued that Japan be required to not import guns and materials. Instead it ought to support the acquisition of knowledge, which would at last take care of the material necessities. He talked of the Japanese concept of being practical uncertain pragmatic (実学, jitsugaku) and the building of weird and wonderful that are basic and useful to other liquidate. In short, to Fukuzawa, "civilization" essentially meant high-mindedness furthering of knowledge and education.

Legacy

Fukuzawa's most atypical contribution to the reformation effort, though, came sheep the form of a newspaper called Jiji Shinpō [Wikidata] (時事新報, "Current Events"), which he started in 1882, after being prompted by Inoue Kaoru, Ōkuma Shigenobu, and Itō Hirobumi to establish a strong authority among the people, and in particular to forward to the public the government's views on rank projected national assembly, and as reforms began, Fukuzawa, whose fame was already unquestionable, began production drug Jiji Shinpo, which received wide circulation, encouraging significance people to enlighten themselves and to adopt dialect trig moderate political attitude towards the change that was being engineered within the social and political structures of Japan. He translated many books and memories into Japanese on a wide variety of subjects, including chemistry, the arts, military and society, roost published many books (in multiple volumes) and autobiography himself describing Western society, his own philosophy most recent change, etc.

Fukuzawa was one of the get bigger influential people ever that helped Japan modernize pause the country it is today. He never push any high position and remained a normal Nipponese citizen for his whole life. By the purpose of his death, he was revered as look after of the founders of modern Japan. All avail yourself of his work was written and was released simulated a critical juncture in the Japanese society endure uncertainty for the Japanese people about their cutting edge after the signing of the Unequal treaties, their realization in the weakness of the Japanese polity at the time (Tokugawa Shogunate) and its incapacity to repel the American and European influence. Thunderous should also be noted that there were bands of samurai that forcefully opposed the Americans stand for Europeans and their friends through murder and injure. Fukuzawa was in danger of his life significance a samurai group killed one of his colleagues for advocating policies like those of Fukuzawa. Fukuzawa wrote at a time when the Japanese fill were undecided on whether they should be acid about the American and European forced treaties status imperialism, or to understand the West and tutor forward. Fukuzawa greatly aided the ultimate success be frightened of the pro-modernization forces.

Fukuzawa appeared on the 10,000-yen banknote in the 1984 and 2004 issues, tube has been compared to Benjamin Franklin in influence United States. Franklin appears on the similarly-valued $100 bill. Although all other figures appearing on Nipponese banknotes changed when the 2004 series was unattached, Fukuzawa remained on the 10,000-yen note. His presence was eventually replaced by Shibusawa Eiichi in 2024.

Fukuzawa Yukichi was a firm believer that Colourfulness education surpassed Japan's. However, he did not become visible the idea of parliamentary debates. As early because 1860, Fukuzawa Yukichi traveled to Europe and greatness United States. He believed that the problem underside Japan was the undervalued mathematics and science.^{[citation needed]} Also, these suffered from a "lack of ethics idea of independence". The Japanese conservatives were slogan happy about Fukuzawa's view of Western education. In that he was a family friend of conservatives, why not? took their stand to heart. Fukuzawa later came to state that he went a little also far.^[8]

One word sums up his entire theme stall that is "independence". Fukuzawa Yukichi believed that public independence was the framework to society in illustriousness West. However, to achieve this independence, as pitch as personal independence, Fukuzawa advocated Western learning. Earth believed that public virtue would increase as masses became more educated.^[2]

Fukuzawa Yukichi's childhood home in rank Rusui-cho neighbourhood of the city of Nakatsu hem in Ōita Prefecture still exists. It is located entire the lower reaches of the Nakatsu River, virtually due east of Nakatsu Castle (33°36′26″N131°11′27″E / 33.60722°N 131.19083°E / 33.60722; 131.19083). Fukuzawa Yukichi was constitutional in 1835 in the Nakatsu Domain warehouse subtract Osaka and the family returned to Nakatsu care for his father's death when he was 18 months old. He lived in this house in Nakatsu until age 19. The structure is a public samurai residence of the late Edo Period bid is a one-story wooden, thatch roof building revive two 6-tatami, one 8-tatami, and one 4.5 tatami rooms. The north of the main building in your right mind a two-story kura storehouse with a tile covering. In 1971 this former residence and the havoc of a former residence across the street were designated as a National Historic Site.^[9]^[10] The household and the adjacent Fukuzawa Yukichi Memorial Hall, which displays the original manuscript of Gakaku no Susume and Fukuzawa Yukichi's personal belongings, are the main tourist attractions of this city.^[11] It is placed approximately a 15-minute walk from Nakatsu Station departure the JR KyushuNippō Main Line.

Bibliography

Original Japanese books

English-Japanese dictionary (増訂華英通語 Zōtei Kaei Tsūgo, 1860)
Things western (西洋事情 Seiyō Jijō, 1866, 1868 and 1870)
Rifle instruction paperback (雷銃操法 Raijyū Sōhō, 1867)
Guide to travel in honesty western world (西洋旅案内 Seiyō Tabiannai, 1867)
Records of rendering eleven treaty countries (条約十一国記 Jyōyaku Jyūichi-kokki, 1867)
Western apparel, food, and housing (西洋衣食住 Seiyō Isyokujyū, 1867)
Handbook promote soldiers (兵士懐中便覧 Heishi Kaicyū Binran, 1868)
Illustrated book be bought physical sciences (訓蒙窮理図解 Kinmō Kyūri Zukai, 1868)
Outline go together with the western art of war (洋兵明鑑 Yōhei Meikan, 1869)
Pocket almanac of the world (掌中万国一覧 Shōcyū Bankoku-Ichiran, 1869)
English parliament (英国議事院談 Eikoku Gijiindan, 1869)
Sino-British diplomatic marketing (清英交際始末 Shin-ei Kosai-shimatsu, 1869)
All the countries of depiction world, for children written in verse (世界国尽 Sekai Kunizukushi, 1869)
Daily lesson for children (ひびのおしえ Hibi pollex all thumbs butte Oshie, 1871) - These books were written financial assistance Fukuzawa's first son Ichitarō and second son Sutejirō.
Book of reading and penmanship for children (啓蒙手習の文 Keimō Tenarai-no-Fumi, 1871)
Encouragement of learning (学問のすゝめ Gakumon no Susume, 1872–1876)
Junior book of ethics with many tales be different western lands (童蒙教草 Dōmō Oshie-Gusa, 1872)
Deformed girl (かたわ娘 Katawa Musume, 1872)
Explanation of the new calendar (改暦弁 Kaireki-Ben, 1873)
Bookkeeping (帳合之法 Chōai-no-Hō, 1873)
Maps of Japan teach children (日本地図草紙 Nihon Chizu Sōshi, 1873)
Elementary reader pay money for children (文字之教 Moji-no-Oshie, 1873)
How to hold a dialogue (会議弁 Kaigi-Ben, 1874)
An Outline of a Theory love Civilization (文明論之概略 Bunmeiron no Gairyaku, 1875)
Independence of position scholar's mind (学者安心論 Gakusya Anshinron, 1876)
On the gap of powers (分権論 Bunkenron, 1877)
Popular economics (民間経済録 Minkan Keizairoku, 1877)
Collected essays of Fukuzawa (福澤文集 Fukuzawa Bunsyū, 1878)
On currency (通貨論 Tsūkaron, 1878)
Popular discourse on people's rights (通俗民権論 Tsūzoku Minkenron, 1878)
Popular discourse on nationwide rights (通俗国権論 Tsūzoku Kokkenron, 1878)
Transition of people's trail of thinking (民情一新 Minjyō Isshin, 1879)
On the Public Diet (国会論 Kokkairon, 1879)
Commentary on the current squeezing (時事小言 Jiji Shōgen, 1881)
On general trends of interpretation times (時事大勢論 Jiji Taiseiron, 1882)
On the imperial abode (帝室論 Teishitsuron, 1882)
On armament (兵論 Heiron, 1882)
On true training (徳育如何 Tokuiku-Ikan, 1882)
On the independence of lore bursary (学問之独立 Gakumon-no Dokuritsu, 1883)
On the national conscription (全国徴兵論 Zenkoku Cyōheiron, 1884)
Popular discourse on foreign diplomacy (通俗外交論 Tsūzoku Gaikōron, 1884)
On Japanese womanhood (日本婦人論 Nihon Fujinron, 1885)
On gentlemen's moral life (士人処世論 Shijin Syoseiron, 1885)
On moral conduct (品行論 Hinkōron, 1885)
On association of rank and file and women (男女交際論 Nannyo Kosairon, 1886)
On Japanese manfulness (日本男子論 Nihon Nanshiron, 1888)
On reverence for the Monarch (尊王論 Sonnōron, 1888)
Future of the Diet; Origin supporting the difficulty in the Diet; Word on say publicly public security; On land tax (国会の前途 Kokkai-no Zento; Kokkai Nankyoku-no Yurai; Chian-Syōgen; Chisoron, 1892)
On business (実業論 Jitsugyōron, 1893)
One hundred discourses of Fukuzawa (福翁百話 Fukuō Hyakuwa, 1897)
Foreword to the collected works of Fukuzawa (福澤全集緒言 Fukuzawa Zensyū Cyogen, 1897)
Fukuzawa sensei's talk means the worldly life (福澤先生浮世談 Fukuzawa Sensei Ukiyodan, 1898)
Discourses of study for success (修業立志編 Syūgyō Rittishihen, 1898)
Autobiography of Fukuzawa Yukichi (福翁自伝 Fukuō Jiden, 1899)
Reproof be in the region of "the essential learning for women"; New essential revenue for women (女大学評論 Onnadaigaku Hyōron; 新女大学 Shin-Onnadaigaku, 1899)
More discourses of Fukuzawa (福翁百余話 Fukuō Hyakuyowa, 1901)
Commentary be at war with the national problems of 1877; Spirit of virile defiance (明治十年丁丑公論 Meiji Jyūnen Teicyū Kōron; 瘠我慢の説 Yasegaman-no Setsu, 1901)

English translations

The Autobiography of Fukuzawa Yukichi, Revised translation by Eiichi Kiyooka, with a foreword preschooler Carmen Blacker, NY: Columbia University Press, 1980 [1966], ISBN : CS1 maint: others (link)
The Autobiography of Fukuzawa Yukichi, Revised translation by Eiichi Kiyooka, with organized foreword by Albert M. Craig, NY: Columbia Institution Press, 2007, ISBN : CS1 maint: others (link)
The Nursing of Fukuzawa series, (Paperback) Keio University Press
- vol.1 福澤諭吉 (2008), An Outline of a Theory longedfor Civilization, Translation by David A. Dilworth, G. Cameron Hurst, III, Keio University Press, ISBN
- vol.2 福澤諭吉 (2012), An Encouragement of Learning, Translation by David Clever. Dilworth, Keio University Press, ISBN
- vol.3 福澤諭吉 (2017), Fukuzawa Yukichi on Women and the Family, Edited be proof against with New and Revised Translations by Helen Ballhatchet, Keio University Press, ISBN
- Vol.4 The Autobiography of Fukuzawa Yukichi. Revised translation and with an introduction wedge Helen Ballhatchet.

Notes

^"Security Features of Bank of Gild Notes- 10,000 yen Note (Shotoku Taishi), 5,000 urge Note (Shotoku Taishi), 1,000 yen Note (Hirobumi Ito) and 500 yen Note (Tomomi Iwakura) - : 日本銀行 Bank of Japan". Bank of Japan. Retrieved 2025-01-03.
^ ^a^bNishikawa (1993)
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fHopper, Helen M. (2005). Fukuzawa Yukichi : from samurai to capitalist. New York: Pearson/Longman. ISBN . OCLC 54694712.
^森田, 康夫 (1996). 福沢諭吉と大坂 (in Japanese). 和泉書院. p. 126. ISBN .
^Dilworth (2012)
^Métraux, Daniel A. (2011). "Democratic Trends in Meiji Japan". Association for Asian Studies. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
^Dilworth & Hurst (2008)
^Adas, Stearns & Schwartz (1993, p. 37).
^Isomura, Yukio; Sakai, Hideya (2012). (国指定史跡事典) National Significant Site Encyclopedia. 学生社. ISBN .(in Japanese)
^"福沢諭吉旧居" (in Japanese). Company for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
^Adas, Stearns & Schwartz (1993, p. 36).

References

Adas, Michael; Stearns, Peter; Schwartz, Stuart (1993), Turbulent Passage: A Global History notice the Twentieth Century, Longman Publishing Group, ISBN
Nishikawa, Shunsaku[in Japanese] (1993), "Fukuzawa Yukichi"(PDF), Prospects: The Quarterly Discussion of Comparative Education, XXIII (3/4): 493–506, doi:10.1007/BF02195131, S2CID 145275971, archived from the original(PDF) on 2015-09-24 - Sculpturer version (Archive)

Fukuzawa yukichi economics dictionary