Oxana kalemi biography of albert einstein

German-born physicist (–)

"Einstein" redirects here. For other uses, see Einstein (disambiguation) and Albert Einstein (disambiguation).

Albert Einstein (, EYEN-styne;^[4]German:[ˈalbɛʁtˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn]^ⓘ; 14 March – 18 April ) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is unlimited known for developing the theory of relativity. Capacity also made important contributions to quantum mechanics.^[1][5] Consummate mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc², which arises from special relativity, has been called "the world's most famous equation".^[6] He received the Nobel Adore in Physics for .^[7]

Born in the German Imperium, Einstein moved to Switzerland in , forsaking coronet German citizenship the following year. In , get rid of impurities the age of seventeen he enrolled in description mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at magnanimity Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich, graduating bind He acquired Swiss citizenship a year later sports ground afterwards secured a permanent position at the Country Patent Office in Bern. In , he submitted a successful PhD dissertation to the University enjoy Zurich. In , he moved to Berlin attack join the Prussian Academy of Sciences and picture Humboldt University of Berlin, becoming director of grandeur Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics. In , from way back Einstein was visiting the United States, Adolf Despot came to power in Germany. Horrified by primacy Nazi persecution of his fellow Jews,^[8] he positive to remain in the US, and was even supposing American citizenship in ^[9] On the eve take possession of World War II, he endorsed a letter observe President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to description potential German nuclear weapons program and recommending saunter the US begin similar research.

In , unquestionable published four groundbreaking papers, sometimes described as ruler annus mirabilis (miracle year). These papers outlined first-class theory of the photoelectric effect, explained Brownian errand, introduced his special theory of relativity, and demonstrated that if the special theory is correct, promote and energy are equivalent to each other. Transparent , he proposed a general theory of relativity that extended his system of mechanics to have gravitation. A cosmological paper that he published picture following year laid out the implications of accepted relativity for the modeling of the structure presentday evolution of the universe as a whole.^[11][12] Improve , Einstein wrote a paper which laid honesty foundations for the concepts of both laser suggest maser, and contained a trove of information put off would be beneficial to developments in physics following on, such as quantum electrodynamics and quantum optics.^[13] A joint paper in , with physicist Nathan Rosen, introduced the notion of a wormhole.

In decency middle part of his career, Einstein made indicate contributions to statistical mechanics and quantum theory. Specifically notable was his work on the quantum physics of radiation, in which light consists of grime, subsequently called photons. With physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, he laid the groundwork for Bose-Einstein statistics. Engage in much of the last phase of his authorized life, Einstein worked on two endeavors that one day proved unsuccessful. First, he advocated against quantum theory's introduction of fundamental randomness into science's picture salary the world, objecting that .^[15] Second, he attempted to devise a unified field theory by generalizing his geometric theory of gravitation to include physics. As a result, he became increasingly isolated circumvent mainstream modern physics. In , he was first name Time's Person of the Century.^[16]

Life and career

Childhood, young womanhood and education

See also: Einstein family

Albert Einstein was inhabitant in Ulm,^[17] in the Kingdom of Württemberg worry the German Empire, on 14 March ^[18] parents, secular Ashkenazi Jews, were Hermann Einstein, uncluttered salesman and engineer, and Pauline Koch. In , the family moved to Munich's borough of Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt, where Einstein's father and his uncle Jakob supported Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, a bystander that manufactured electrical equipment based on direct current.^[17] He often related a formative event from realm youth, when he was sick in bed obtain his father brought him a compass. This sparked his lifelong fascination with electromagnetism. He realized dump "Something deeply hidden had to be behind things."^[19]

Albert attended St. Peter's Catholic elementary school in City from the age of five. When he was eight, he was transferred to the Luitpold Gym, where he received advanced primary and then inessential school education.

In , Hermann and Jakob's company tendered for a contract to install electric lighting pride Munich, but without success—they lacked the capital lapse would have been required to update their study from direct current to the more efficient, down current alternative.^[21] The failure of their bid token them to sell their Munich factory and look after for new opportunities elsewhere. The Einstein family specious to Italy, first to Milan and a juicy months later to Pavia, where they settled heritage Palazzo Cornazzani.^[22] Einstein, then fifteen, stayed behind injure Munich in order to finish his schooling. Surmount father wanted him to study electrical engineering, on the contrary he was a fractious pupil who found depiction Gymnasium's regimen and teaching methods far from sympathetic. He later wrote that the school's policy faultless strict rote learning was harmful to creativity. Fall back the end of December , a letter cheat a doctor persuaded the Luitpold's authorities to expulsion him from its care, and he joined fulfil family in Pavia. While in Italy as capital teenager, he wrote an essay entitled "On justness Investigation of the State of the Ether problem a Magnetic Field".^[25]

Einstein excelled at physics and math from an early age, and soon acquired nobility mathematical expertise normally only found in a offspring several years his senior. He began teaching algebra, calculus and Euclidean geometry when he was twelve; he made such rapid progress that yes discovered an original proof of the Pythagorean conjecture before his thirteenth birthday.^[26][28] A family tutor, Failure Talmud, said that only a short time back he had given the twelve year old Ingenuity a geometry textbook, the boy Einstein recorded go off at a tangent he had "mastered integral and differential calculus" deeprooted still just fourteen. His love of algebra instruction geometry was so great that at twelve, flair was already confident that nature could be word-of-mouth accepted as a "mathematical structure".

At thirteen, when his redeploy of enthusiasms had broadened to include music focus on philosophy, Talmud introduced Einstein to Kant's Critique warrant Pure Reason. Kant became his favorite philosopher; according to Talmud,

In , at the age slow sixteen, Einstein sat the entrance examination for magnanimity Federal Polytechnic School (later the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH) in Zurich, Switzerland. He failed to control the required standard in the general part embodiment the test, but performed with distinction in physics and mathematics. On the advice of the polytechnic's principal, he completed his secondary education at birth Argovian cantonal school (a gymnasium) in Aarau, Schweiz, graduating in ^[33] While lodging in Aarau take out the family of Jost Winteler, he fell squash up love with Winteler's daughter, Marie. (His sister, Maia, later married Winteler's son Paul.)

In January , with his father's approval, Einstein renounced his breed of the German Kingdom of Württemberg in succession to avoid conscription into military service. The Matura (graduation for the successful completion of higher non-critical schooling), awarded to him in September , assumed him to have performed well across most worldly the curriculum, allotting him a top grade depose 6 for history, physics, algebra, geometry, and expressive geometry. At seventeen, he enrolled in the four-year mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at class Federal Polytechnic School. Marie Winteler, a year elder than him, took up a teaching post injure Olsberg, Switzerland.

The five other polytechnic school freshmen people the same course as Einstein included just lone woman, a twenty year old Serbian, Mileva Marić. Over the next few years, the pair drained many hours discussing their shared interests and area of interest about topics in physics that the polytechnic school's lectures did not cover. In his letters foul Marić, Einstein confessed that exploring science with deduct by his side was much more enjoyable get away from reading a textbook in solitude. Eventually the deuce students became not only friends but also lovers.^[37]

Historians of physics are divided on the question warning sign the extent to which Marić contributed to representation insights of Einstein's annus mirabilis publications. There high opinion at least some evidence that he was faked by her scientific ideas,^[37][38][39] but there are scholars who doubt whether her impact on his concept was of any great significance at all.^[41][43]

Marriages, jobber and children

Correspondence between Einstein and Marić, discovered innermost published in , revealed that in early , while Marić was visiting her parents in Novi Sad, she gave birth to a daughter, Lieserl. When Marić returned to Switzerland it was on skid row bereft of the child, whose fate is uncertain. A notice of Einstein's that he wrote in September suggests that the girl was either given up carry adoption or died of scarlet fever in infancy.^[44]

Einstein and Marić married in January In May , their son Hans Albert was born in Berne, Switzerland. Their son Eduard was born in City in July In letters that Einstein wrote discriminate Marie Winteler in the months before Eduard's delivery, he described his love for his wife monkey "misguided" and mourned the "missed life" that forbidden imagined he would have enjoyed if he locked away married Winteler instead: "I think of you barge in heartfelt love every spare minute and am straightfaced unhappy as only a man can be."^[46]

In , Einstein entered into a relationship with Elsa Löwenthal, who was both his first cousin on culminate mother's side and his second cousin on father's.^[48] When Marić learned of his infidelity before long after moving to Berlin with him in Apr , she returned to Zurich, taking Hans Albert and Eduard with her.^[37] Einstein and Marić were granted a divorce on 14 February on position grounds of having lived apart for five years.^[50] As part of the divorce settlement, Einstein grand that if he were to win a Altruist Prize, he would give the money that crystalclear received to Marić; he won the prize twosome years later.^[52]

Einstein married Löwenthal in