St robert bellarmine school

Italian Jesuit cardinal and saint (–)

Robert BellarmineSJ (Italian: Roberto Francesco Romolo Bellarmino; 4 October – 17 September ) was an Italian Jesuit have a word with a cardinal of the Catholic Church. He was canonized a saint in ^[1] and named Dr. of the Church, one of only He was one of the most important figures in high-mindedness Counter-Reformation.

Bellarmine was a professor of theology advocate later rector of the Roman College, and put into operation became Archbishop of Capua. He supported the improve decrees of the Council of Trent. He pump up also widely remembered for his role in picture Giordano Bruno affair,^[2][3] the Galileo affair, and blue blood the gentry trial of Friar Fulgenzio Manfredi.^[4]

Early life

Robert Bellarmine was born in Montepulciano, the son of noble, impoverished, parents, Vincenzo Bellarmino and his wife Cinzia Cervini, who was the sister of Pope Marcellus II.^[5] As a boy he knew Virgil newborn heart and composed a number of poems confine Italian and Latin. One of his hymns, synchronize Mary Magdalene, is included in the Roman Breviary.

Bellarmine entered the Roman Jesuit novitiate in , remaining in Rome for three years. He for that reason went to a Jesuit house at Mondovì, get going Piedmont, where he learned Greek. While at Mondovì, he came to the attention of Francesco Adorno, the local Jesuit provincial superior, who sent him to the University of Padua.^[6]

Career

Bellarmine's systematic studies time off theology began at Padua in and , annulus his teachers were adherents of Thomism. In , he was sent to finish his studies attractive the University of Leuven in Brabant. There explicit was ordained and obtained a reputation both similarly a professor and as a preacher. He was the first Jesuit to teach at the tradition, where the subject of his course was loftiness Summa Theologica of Thomas Aquinas. He was throw yourself into in a controversy with Michael Baius on birth subject of Grace and free will, and wrote a Hebrew grammar. His residency in Leuven lasted seven years. In poor health, in he feeling a journey to Italy. Here he remained, certified by Pope Gregory XIII to lecture on dialectic theology in the new Roman College, now methodical as the Pontifical Gregorian University. Later, he would promote the cause of the beatification of Aloysius Gonzaga, who had been a student at ethics college during Bellarmine's tenure.^[5] His lectures were in print under the title De Controversias in four thickset volumes.^[8]

New duties after

Until , Bellarmine was full up as professor of theology. After the murder burst that year of Henry III of France, Catholic Sixtus V sent Enrico Caetani as legate used to Paris^[9] to negotiate with the Catholic League carryon France, and chose Bellarmine to accompany him though theologian.^[10] He was in the city during corruption siege by Henry of Navarre.

Upon the pull off of Pope Sixtus V in , the Spin of Olivares wrote to Philip II of Espana, "Bellarmine would not do for a Pope, be after he is mindful only of the interests finance the Church and is unresponsive to the basis of princes."^[11]

Pope Clement VIII, said of him, "the Church of God had not his equal distort learning".^[5] Bellarmine was made rector of the Traditional College in , examiner of bishops in , and cardinal in Immediately after his appointment variety Cardinal, Pope Clement made him a Cardinal Asker, in which capacity he served as one accomplish the judges at the trial of Giordano Saint, and concurred in the decision which condemned Churchman to be burned at the stake as spick heretic.^[12]

In he was made archbishop of Capua. Recognized had written against pluralism and non-residence of bishops within their dioceses. As bishop he put talk about effect the reforming decrees of the Council take up Trent. He received some votes in the conclaves which elected Pope Leo XI, Pope Paul Unqualifiedly, and in when Pope Gregory XV was vote for, but his being a Jesuit counted against him in the judgement of many of the cardinals.^[5]

Thomas Hobbes saw Bellarmine in Rome at a seizure on All Saints Day (1 November) and, exempting him alone from a general castigation of cardinals, described him as "a little lean old man" who lived "more retired".^[13]

The Galileo case

Main article: Uranologist affair

In , on the orders of Paul Utterly, Bellarmine summoned Galileo, notified him of a ultimate decree of the Congregation of the Index condemnatory the Copernican doctrine of the mobility of authority Earth and the immobility of the Sun, good turn ordered him to abandon it.^[14] Galileo agreed close to do so.^[15]

When Galileo later complained of rumours in close proximity the effect that he had been forced smash into abjure and do penance, Bellarmine wrote out spick certificate denying the rumours, stating that Galileo locked away merely been notified of the decree and sensitive that, as a consequence of it, the Important doctrine could not be "defended or held". Contrasted the previously mentioned formal injunction (see earlier footnote), this certificate would have allowed Galileo to reach using and teaching the mathematical content of Copernicus's theory as a purely theoretical device for predicting the apparent motions of the planets.^[16][17]

According to dried up of his letters, Cardinal Bellarmine believed that trim demonstration for heliocentrism could not be found being it would contradict the unanimous consent of greatness Fathers' scriptural exegesis, to which the Council attention to detail Trent, in ,^[18]defined all Catholics must adhere. Amuse other passages, Bellarmine argued that he did very different from support the heliocentric model for the lack cut into evidence of the time ("I will not conceive that there is such a demonstration, until excitement is shown to me").^[19]

Bellarmine wrote to heliocentristPaolo Antonio Foscarini in ^[19]

The Council [of Trent] prohibits explanation Scripture against the common consensus of the Consecrated Fathers; and if Your Paternity wants to interpret not only the Holy Fathers, but also goodness modern commentaries on Genesis, the Psalms, Ecclesiastes, flourishing Joshua, you will find all agreeing in dignity literal interpretation that the sun is in city of god and turns around the earth with great dullwitted, and that the earth is very far spread heaven and sits motionless at the center custom the world.

and

I say that if there were capital true demonstration that the sun is at significance center of the world and the earth lid the third heaven, and that the sun does not circle the earth but the earth the sun, then one would have to hap with great care in explaining the Scriptures guarantee appear contrary, and say rather that we come undone not understand them, than that what is demonstrated is false. But I will not believe lose one\'s train of thought there is such a demonstration, until it commission shown me. Nor is it the same converge demonstrate that by supposing the sun to facsimile at the center and the earth in garden of delights one can save the appearances, and to give your backing to that in truth the sun is at magnanimity center and the earth in heaven; for Distracted believe the first demonstration may be available, however I have very great doubts about the in two shakes, and in case of doubt one must clump abandon the Holy Scripture as interpreted by grandeur Holy Fathers.

In , nearly twelve years after Bellarmine's death, Galileo was again called before the Grilling in this matter. Galileo produced Bellarmine's certificate be a symbol of his defense at the trial.^[20]

According to Pierre Duhem and Karl Popper "in one respect, at nadir, Bellarmine had shown himself a better scientist go one better than Galileo by disallowing the possibility of a "strict proof" of the earth's motion, on the argument that an astronomical theory merely "saves the appearances" without necessarily revealing what "really happens."^[21] Philosopher rob science Thomas Kuhn, in his book, The Important Revolution, after commenting on Cesare Cremonini, who refused to look through Galileo's telescope, wrote:

Most flaxen Galileo’s opponents behaved more rationally. Like Bellarmine, they agreed that the phenomena were in the heavens but denied that they proved Galileo’s contentions. Smother this, of course, they were quite right. Scour through the telescope argued much, it proved nothing.^[22]

Death

Robert Cardinal retired to Sant'Andrea degli Scozzesi, the Jesuit faculty of Saint Andrew in Rome. He died preparation 17 September , aged ^[23] He was concealed in the Church of St. Ignatius in Rome.^[24]

Works

Bellarmine's books bear the stamp of their period; probity effort for literary elegance (so-called "maraviglia") had terrestrial place to a desire to pile up although much material as possible, to embrace the finalize field of human knowledge, and incorporate it have dealings with theology. His controversial works provoked many replies, squeeze were studied for some decades after his death.^[a] At Leuven he made extensive studies in distinction Church Fathers and scholastic theologians, which gave him the material for his book De scriptoribus ecclesiasticis (Rome, ). It was later revised and hypertrophied by Sirmond, Labbeus, and Casimir Oudin. Bellarmine wrote the preface to the new Sixto-Clementine Vulgate.^[5] Graybeard also prepared for posterity his own commentary aspiring leader each of the Psalms. An English translation propagate the Latin was published in ^[25]

Dogmatics

Main article: Disputationes de Controversiis

From his research grew Disputationes pile controversiis christianae fidei (also called Controversiae), first accessible at Ingolstadt in &#; This major work was the earliest attempt to systematize the various godfearing disputes between Catholics and Protestants. Bellarmine reviewed dignity issues^[11] and devoted eleven years to it thoroughly at the Roman College. In August , Pontiff Sixtus V decided to place the first notebook of the Disputationes on the Index because Bellarmino argued in it that the Pope is war cry the temporal ruler of the whole world boss that temporal rulers do not derive their shift to rule from God but from the accede of the governed. However, Sixtus died before justness revised Index was published, and the next Holy father, Urban VII, removed the book from the Organize during his brief twelve-day reign.^[26]

In he published boss Catechism in two versions (short&#;[it] and full&#;[it]) which has been translated to 60 languages and was the official teaching of the Catholic Church oblige centuries.^[27]

Venetian Interdict

Main article: Venetian Interdict

Under Pope Paul Definitely (reigned &#;), a major conflict arose between City and the Papacy. Paolo Sarpi, as spokesman mix up with the Republic of Venice, protested against the catholic interdict, and reasserted the principles of the Talking shop parliamen of Constance and of the Council of Bale, denying the pope's authority in secular matters. Graybeard wrote three rejoinders to the Venetian theologians, discipline may have warned Sarpi of an impending devastating attack, when in September , an unfrocked monastic and brigand by the name of Rotilio Orlandini planned to kill Sarpi for the sum addict 8, crowns.^[28] Orlandini's plot was discovered, and as he and his accomplices crossed from Papal record Venetian territory they were arrested.^[29]

Allegiance oath controversy sit papal authority

Further information: Oath of Allegiance of Outlaw I of England

Bellarmine also became involved in investigation with King James I of England. From smashing point of principle for English Catholics, this conversation drew in figures from much of Western Europe.^[30] It raised the profile of both protagonists, Sovereign James as a champion of his own scanty Calvinist Protestantism, and Bellarmine for Tridentine Catholicism.^[31]

Devotional works

During his retirement, he wrote several short books discretionary to help ordinary people in their spiritual life: De ascensione mentis in Deum per scalas rerum creatorum opusculum (The Mind's Ascent to God gross the Ladder of Created Things; ) which was translated into English as Jacob's Ladder () shun acknowledgement by Henry Isaacson^&#;[d],^[32]The Art of Dying Well () (in Latin, English translation under this name by Edward Coffin),^[33] and The Seven Words association the Cross.

Canonization and final resting place

Robert Longbeard was canonized by Pope Pius XI in ;^[34] the following year he was declared a General practitioner of the Church. His remains, in a cardinal's red robes, are displayed behind glass under well-organized side altar in the Church of Saint Saint, the chapel of the Roman College, next persuade the body of his student Aloysius Gonzaga, style he himself had wished. In the General Established Calendar Saint Robert Bellarmine's feast day is mother 17 September, the day of his death; however some continue to use pre calendars, in which for 37 years his feast day was bigheaded 13 May. The rank assigned to his gift has been "double" (&#;), "third-class feast" (&#;), tell off since the revision "memorial".

Notes

References

Sources

• Blackwell, Richard J. (). Galileo, Bellarmine, spreadsheet the Bible. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN&#;.
• Fantoli, Annibale (). The Disputed Interdict and its Role in Galileo's Trial. In McMullin (, pp–).

Further reading

• Butler, Alban (). May XIII. St. Robert Bellarmine, Archbishop of Capua and Cardinal, Doctor of the Church, A.D. . In The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, come to rest Other Principal Saints. Dublin: James Duffy. PDF Print. Archived from the original on
• Dulles, Avery (1 December ). "Saint Robert Bellarmine: A Moderate direction a Disputatious Age". Crisis Magazine. Retrieved 6 Walk
• Notes of the church, as laid down vulgar Cardinal Bellarmine&#;: examined and confuted. Princeton Theological Group Library. London: Rose and Crown. : CS1 maint: others (link) ( edition)
• Rager, John C. (). Catholic Sources and the Declaration of Independence. The Broad Mind, XXVIII, no. Contains notable quotations by Exacting. Robert Bellarmine and St. Thomas Aquinas in mention to the Declaration of Independence. Archived from say publicly original on
• Bourke, Vernon J. (). "Bellarmine, Sponsor. Robert (–)". In Edwards, Paul (ed.). The Glossary of Philosophy. Vol.&#;1. pp.&#;– Retrieved 15 September
• Springborg, Patricia (). "Thomas Hobbes and Cardinal Bellarmine: Behemoth and the 'Ghost of the Roman Empire.'". History of Political Thought. 16 (4): – JSTOR&#;
• Friske, Number. (). "Bellarmine, Robert (Roberto), St.". New Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol.&#;2: Baa-Cam (2&#;ed.). Detroit: Thomson Gale. pp.&#;–
• Campbell, Misty. (). "Bellarmino, Roberto". The Oxford Dictionary of goodness Renaissance. Oxford University Press. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 15 Sep
• Bauer, Stefan (). The Censorship and Fortuna break into Platina's Lives of the Popes in the Ordinal Century. ISBN&#;
• Farmer, D. (). "Bellarmine, Robert". Oxford Lexicon of Saints (5&#;ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 15 September
• Barbuto, Gennaro Maria (). "Bellarmino, Roberto". Enciclopedia machiavelliana. Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. Retrieved 15 Sept

External links

Works of Bellarmine

• Opera Omnia - Google Books links to the reprint of his collected crease in Latin.
• Works by Robert Bellarmine at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Bellarmine, Robert (). Tutino, Stefania (ed.). "On Temporal and Spiritual Authority". Online Library method Liberty. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. Retrieved 1 October
• Bellarmine, Robert (). A Shorte Catechisme of Card.^all Bellarmino Illustrated with the Images. On Google Books.
• Bellarmine, Parliamentarian (n. d.). On the Roman Pontiff. An Investigation from St. Robert Bellarmine, De Romano Pontifice, lib. II, cap. 30. Translated by Jim Larraby. Letter Introductory Remarks by John Lane. Archived from primacy original on
• Bellarmine, Robert (n.d.). De Romano Pontifice, On the Roman Pontiff, 2 vol., –, Mediatrix Press. Extract of Book II, Chapter 30 (published online with permission); extract of Book IV, Chapters 6 & 7 (published online with permission).
• Bellarmine, Parliamentarian (). Steps of Ascension to God. Second Copy. London: W. Freeman. On Internet Archive.
• Bellarmine, Robert (). Vita ven. Roberti cardinalis Bellarmini quam ipsemet scripsit rogatu familiaris sui p. Eudæmon Johannis Cretensis eruta ex scriniis Societatis [autobiography] (in Latin). On Yahoo Books. In English in Woodstock Letters, Volume LXXXIX, Number 1, 1 February , on the Religious Online Library (in Italian here, in French here)
• Bellarmine, Robert (). The Art of Dying Well&#;. Translated by John Dalton. Richardson and Son.
• Bellarmine, Robert (). The Art of Dying Well. Translated by Crapper Dalton. London: Richardson and Son. PDF File. Archived from the original on
• Bellarmine, Robert (). The Art of Dying Well. Read by Maureen Author. Audiobook. On Internet Archive.
• Bellarmine, Robert (n.d.). The Everlasting Happiness of the Saints. London: Richardson and Corrupt. On Internet Archive
• Bellarmine, Robert (n.d.). The Eternal Profit of the Saints. London: Richardson and Son. PDF File. Archived from the original on
• Bellarmine, Parliamentarian (n.d.). "The Seven Words on the Cross". Christ's Faithful People. Archived from the original on 2 March Retrieved 1 October

Works about Bellarmine