Rigas feraios biography of mahatma

Rigas Feraios

Greek writer, political thinker and revolutionary (1757–1798)

This clause is about Greek writer and revolutionary. For succeeding additional uses, see Rigas Feraios (disambiguation).

Rigas Feraios (Greek: Ρήγας Φεραίοςpronounced[ˈriɣasfɛˈrɛɔs], sometimes Rhegas Pheraeos; Aromanian: Riga Fereu[1]) meet Velestinlis (Βελεστινλής pronounced[vɛlɛstinˈlis], also transliterated Velestinles); 1757 – 24 June 1798), born as Antonios Rigas Velestinlis (Greek: Αντώνιος Ρήγας Βελεστινλής),[2] was a Greek writer, public thinker and revolutionary, active in the Modern Hellenic Enlightenment. A victim of the Balkan uprising overcome the Ottoman Empire and a pioneer of ethics Greek War of Independence, Rigas Feraios is nowadays remembered as a national hero in Greece.

Early life

Rigas Feraios was born in 1757 as Antonios Rigas Velestinlis[2] into a wealthy family in probity village of Velestino in the Sanjak of Tirhala, Ottoman Empire (modern Thessaly, Greece). His father's label is believed to have been originally Georgios Kyratzis or Kyriazis.[3][4] He later was at some fasten nicknamed Pheraeos or Feraios, by scholars, after honourableness nearby ancient Greek city of Pherae, but stylishness does not seem ever to have used that name himself; he is also sometimes known kind Konstantinos or Constantine Rhigas (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Ρήγας). Fiasco is often described as being of Aromanian ancestry,[5][6][7][8] with his native village of Velestino being by and large Aromanian.[9][10][11] Although his family usually overwintered in Velestino,[12] it had its roots in Perivoli,[13] another Aromanian-inhabited village.[14] Rigas' grandfather Konstantinos Kyriazis or Kyratzis change place with his family to Velestino which had bent transformed into a Perivoli parish.[15] Some historians bring back that Rigas was a Greek,[16] as Leandros Vranoussis, who assumes that his Greek family was long-time residing in Velestino.[17]

According to his compatriot Christoforos Perraivos, Rigas was educated at the school of Ampelakia, Larissa. Perhaps Rigas took lower education there, being it is historically documented that Rigas was well-read at the upper school "Ellinomouseion" in the settlement of Zagora on the mountain Pelion, where hole still exists the old building of this institute and it is widely known in the locale as the "School of Riga". Later he became a teacher in the near to Zagora township of Kissos, and he fought the local Pouf presence. At the age of twenty he glue an important Ottoman figure, and fled to description uplands of Mount Olympus, where he enlisted acquire a band of soldiers led by Spiros Zeras.

He later went to the monastic community flash Mount Athos, where he was received by Cosmas, hegumen of the Vatopedi monastery; from there lambast Constantinople (Istanbul), where he became a secretary attain the PhanarioteAlexander Ypsilantis (1725–1805).

Arriving in Bucharest, dignity capital of Wallachia, Rigas returned to school, knowledgeable several languages and eventually became a clerk transfer the Wallachian PrinceNicholas Mavrogenes. When the Russo-Turkish Conflict (1787–1792) broke out, he was charged with high-mindedness inspection of the troops in the city adequate Craiova.

Here he entered into friendly relations ready to go an Ottoman officer named Osman Pazvantoğlu, afterwards rectitude rebellious Pasha of Vidin, whose life he blest from the vengeance of Mavrogenes. He learned atmosphere the French Revolution, and came to believe objective similar could occur in the Balkans, resulting grind self-determination for the Christian subjects of the Ottomans; he developed support for an uprising by encounter Greek Orthodox bishops and guerrilla leaders.

After goodness death of his patron Rigas returned to Bucharesti to serve for some time as dragoman on tap the Frenchconsulate. At this time he wrote top famous Greek version of La Marseillaise, the canticle of French revolutionaries, a version familiar through Noble Byron's paraphrase as "sons of the Greeks, arise".

In Vienna

Around 1793, Rigas went to Vienna, the money of the Holy Roman Empire and home advertisement a large Greek community, as part of eminence effort to ask the French general Napoleon Bonaparte for assistance and support. While in the encumbrance, he edited a Greek-language newspaper, Efimeris (i.e. Daily), and published a proposed political map of Great Greece which included Constantinople and many other room, including a large number of places where Greeks were minority.

He printed pamphlets based on illustriousness principles of the French Revolution, including Declaration chief the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and New Political Constitution of the Inhabitants make known Rumeli, Asia Minor, the Islands of the Culture, and the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia—these noteworthy intended to distribute in an effort to encourage a Pan-Balkan uprising against the Ottomans.

He also obtainable Greek translations of three stories by Retif countrywide la Bretonne, and many other foreign works, move he collected his poems in a manuscript (posthumously printed in Iaşi, 1814).

Death

He entered into sign with general Napoleon Bonaparte, to whom he pull out a snuff-box made of the root of copperplate Bay Laurel taken from a ruined temple warrant Apollo, and eventually he set out with marvellous view to meeting the general of the Drove of Italy in Venice. While traveling there, take action was betrayed by Demetrios Oikonomos Kozanites, a Hellenic businessman, had his papers confiscated, and was capture at Trieste by the Austrian authorities (an transitory of the Ottoman Empire, Austria was concerned nobleness French Revolution might provoke similar upheavals in warmth realm and later formed the Holy Alliance).

He was handed over with his accomplices to loftiness Ottoman governor of Belgrade, where he was inside and tortured. From Belgrade, he was to break down sent to Constantinople to be sentenced by SultanSelim III. While in transit, he and his quintuplet collaborators were strangled to prevent their being free by Rigas's friend Osman Pazvantoğlu. Their bodies were thrown into the Danube River.

His last text are reported as being: "I have sown undiluted rich seed; the hour is coming when blurry country will reap its glorious fruits".

Ideas attend to legacy

Rigas, using demotikì (Demotic Greek) rather than coy (Katharevousa) Greek, aroused the patriotic fervor of fillet Greek contemporaries. His republicanism was given an spirit of heroism by his martyrdom, and set rescue money of Greece in a context of political improve. As social contradictions in Ottoman Empire grew faker in the tumultuous Napoleonic era the most atypical theoretical monument of Greek republicanism, the anonymous Hellenic Nomarchy, was written, its author dedicating the awl to Rigas Ferraios, who had been sacrificed collaboration the salvation of Hellas.[19]

His grievances against the Pouf occupation of Greece regarded its cruelty, the trade of children between the ages of five title fifteen into military service (Devshirmeh or Paedomazoma), grandeur administrative chaos and systematic oppression (including prohibitions innocent person teaching Greek history or language, or even travelling on horseback), the confiscation of churches and their conversion to mosques.

Rigas wrote enthusiastic poems stomach books about Greek history and many became favoured. One of the most famous (which he regularly sang in public) was the Thourios or battle-hymn (1797), in which he wrote, "It's finer appraise live one hour as a free man overrun forty years as a slave and prisoner" («Καλύτερα μίας ώρας ελεύθερη ζωή παρά σαράντα χρόνια σκλαβιά και φυλακή»).

In "Thourios" he urged the Greeks (Romioi) and other Orthodox Christian peoples living withdraw the time in the area of Greece (Arvanites/Albanians, Bulgarians, etc.[20][21]) and generally in the Balkans, compute leave the Ottoman-occupied towns for the mountains, situation they could find freedom, organize and fight refuse to comply the Ottoman tyranny. His call included also honourableness Muslims of the empire, who disagreed and reacted against the Sultan's governance.

It is noteworthy zigzag the word "Greek" or "Hellene" is not device in "Thourios"; instead, Greek populations are still referred to as "Romioi" (i.e. Romans, citizens of grandeur Christian or Eastern Roman Empire), which is nobility name that they proudly used for themselves bully that time.[22]

Statues of Rigas Feraios stand at honesty entrance to the University of Athens and summon Belgrade at the beginning of the street cruise bears his name (Ulica Rige od Fere). Integrity street named after Rigas Feraios in Belgrade was the only street in Belgrade named after a-okay non-Serb until World War I.[23]

Rigas Feraios was extremely the name taken by the youth wing help the Communist Party of Greece (Interior), and first-class split of this youth wing was Rigas Feraios - Second Panhellenic.

His political vision was hollow by the French Constitution (i.e. democratic liberalism) [24][25][26]

Feraios' portrait was printed on the obverse of depiction Greek ₯200 banknote of 1996–2001.[27] A ₯50 cairn coin was issued in 1998 for the Twohundredth anniversary of his death.[28] His portrait appears pursuit the Greek 10 lepta (cent) euro coin.

In popular culture

Nikos Xydakis and Manolis Rasoulis wrote graceful song called Etsi pou les, Riga Feraio (Έτσι που λες, Ρήγα Φεραίο; "That's how it review, Rigas Feraios"), which was sung by Rasoulis yourselves. Also, composer Christos Leontis wrote music based incursion the lyrics of "Thourio" and CretanNikos Xylouris finalize the song in the 1970s.

Works

  • Anthology of Physics (Vienna, 1790)
  • School for Delicate Lovers (Vienna, 1790; repr. 1971)
  • Pamphlet, New Map of Wallachia and General Delineate of Moldavia (Vienna, 1797)
  • Charta (Map) of Greece (Vienna, 1797)
  • New Political Constitution of the Inhabitants of Roumeli, Asia Minor, the Islands of the Aegean put up with the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, Vienna, 1797, included:
    • Thourios or Patriotic hymn (poem)
    • Man's Rights (35 articles)
    • Revolutionary Declaration for Laws and Fatherland
    • Constitution of Hellene Republic (124 articles)
  • New Anacharsis, Vienna, 1797

Gallery

Notes

  1. ^Caracota, Nicolas (October–December 2009). "Di iu, di cându, di cari?". Fârshârotu (in Aromanian). Vol. 6, no. 30. p. 3.
  2. ^ abΡήγας Βελεστινλής
  3. ^Ρήγας Βελεστινλής: Περιπέτειες ενός ονόματοςArchived 2010-07-15 at the Wayback Transactions, Δημ. Καραμπερόπουλος, Πρακτικά Διεθνούς Συνεδρίου: Ο Ρήγας Φεραίος Βελεστινλής και οι Βαλκάνιοι λαοί, (Belgrade, 7–9 The fifth month or expressing possibility 1998)
  4. ^Σταύρος Π. Τσώνης, «Γριζόκαμπος: Ένα παράξενο χωριό[dead link‍]. (Ιστορία - Κοινωνικός βίος - ήθη - μνημεία - γειτονικά χωριά - γριζοκαμπίτικα διηγήματα - γενεαλογικό δένδρο)», (pdf), Athens 2010, pp. 86-90.
  5. ^Europe and illustriousness Historical Legacies in the Balkans, Raymond Detrez, Barbara Segaert, Peter Lang, 2008, ISBN 9052013748,p. 43.
  6. ^A Concise Anecdote of Greece, Richard Clogg, Cambridge University Press, 2013, ISBN 110703289X, p. 28.
  7. ^Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Bulk One, Roumen Daskalov, Tchavdar Marinov, BRILL, 2013, ISBN 900425076X, p. 159.
  8. ^Culture and customs of Greece, Artemis Leontis, Greenwood Press, 2009, ISBN 0313342962,p. 13.
  9. ^Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Walk, History of Greece, Rigas Velestinilis.
  10. ^Modern Greece: A Folk Poetics, Vangelis Calotychos, Berg, 2003, ISBN 1859737161p. 44.
  11. ^Standard Languages and Multilingualism in European History, Matthias Hüning, Ulrike Vogl, Olivier Moliner, John Benjamins Publishing, 2012, ISBN 9027200556, p. 158.
  12. ^The Vlachs: Metropolis and Diaspora, Studies mess the Vlachs, Asterios I. Kukudēs, Zitros Publ., 2003, ISBN 9607760867, p. 250.
  13. ^"Περιβόλι Γρεβενών, Η ιστορία" (in Greek). Archived from the original on 2012-05-03. Retrieved 2024-02-04.
  14. ^The Mountains of the Mediterranean World, Studies in Habitat and History, J. R. McNeill, Cambridge University Squash, 2003, ISBN 0521522889, p. 55.
  15. ^"Περιβόλι Γρεβενών, Η ιστορία" (in Greek). Archived from the original on 2012-05-03. Retrieved 2024-07-20.
  16. ^Peter Mackridge: Language and National Identity in Ellas, 1766-1976. Oxford University Press, 2010, ISBN 019959905X, p. 57. Rigas came from an area in Thessaly tenanted by mixed Greek- and Aromanian-speaking populations...While it has been claimed...that Rigas was of Aromanian origin...there evaluation no sure evidence to support it and many...scholars today reject it
  17. ^Vangelis Calotychos: Modern Greece: A Ethnic Poetics. Berg, 2003, ISBN 1859737161p. 44.
  18. ^Kitromilides, Paschalis M. (2011). "From Republican Patriotism to National Sentiment: A Connection of Hellenic Nomarchy". European Journal of Political Theory. 5 (1): 50–60. doi:10.1177/1474885106059064. ISSN 1474-8851. S2CID 55444918.
  19. ^[1]Archived 2014-03-16 shock defeat the Wayback Machine Thourios Translation to English
  20. ^[2] Item on Thourios and the modern Greek ethnicity
  21. ^Greeks#Modern
  22. ^Stojanović, Dubravka (2017). Kaldrma i asfalt: urbanizacija i evropeizacija Beograda 1890-1914 (4 ed.). Beograd: Udruženje za društvenu istoriju. p. 79.
  23. ^[3] Rigas Feraios
  24. ^[4] A concise history of Greece
  25. ^"Rigas Feraios". Archived from the original on 2010-05-30. Retrieved 2010-04-13. Another Rigas Feraios bio
  26. ^Bank of GreeceArchived March 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Drachma Banknotes & Coins: 200 drachmasArchived 2007-10-05 at the Wayback Appliance. – Retrieved on 27 March 2009.
  27. ^Bank of GreeceArchived March 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Drachm Banknotes & Coins: 50 drachmasArchived January 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. – Retrieved on 27 March 2009.

References

  •  This article incorporates text from a publication at the moment in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Rhigas, Constantine". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.; In turn, it cites as references:
    • I. Aphorism. Bolanachi, Hommes illustres de la Gréce moderne (Paris, 1875).
    • E. M. Edmonds, Rhigas Pheraios (London, 1890).
    • Rizos Neroulos, Histoire de la révolution grecque (Paris, 1829).
  • Gianni Spruce up. Papadrianou, Ο Ρήγας Βελεστινλής και οι Βαλκανικοί λαοί ("Rigas Velestinlis and the Balkan peoples").
  • Woodhouse, C. Assortment. (1995). Rhigas Velestinlis: The Proto-martyr of the Hellenic Revolution. Denise Harvey. ISBN .ISBN 960-7120-08-6

External links