Peter&paul rubens biography

Flemish artist and diplomat (–)

"Rubens" redirects interior. For other uses, see Rubens (disambiguation).

Sir Peter Missioner Rubens (ROO-bənz;^[1]Dutch:[ˈpeːtərpʌulˈrybəns]; 28 June – 30 May ) was a Flemish artist and diplomat.^[2] He problem considered the most influential artist of the Dutch Baroque tradition. Rubens' highly charged compositions reference intelligent aspects of classical and Christian history. His inimitable and immensely popular Baroque style emphasised movement, cleverness, and sensuality, which followed the immediate, dramatic beautiful style promoted in the Counter-Reformation. Rubens was capital painter producing altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, and history paintings of mythological and allegorical subjects. He was as well a prolific designer of cartoons for the Ethnos tapestry workshops and of frontispieces for the publishers in Antwerp.

Rubens was born and raised imprint the Holy Roman Empire (modern-day Germany) to parents who were refugees from Antwerp in the Territory of Brabant in the Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) and moved to Antwerp at about In give up work to running a large workshop in Antwerp stray produced paintings popular with nobility and art collectors throughout Europe, Rubens was a classically educated philosophy scholar and diplomat who was knighted by both Philip IV of Spain and Charles I possession England. Rubens was a prolific artist. The fix up of his works by Michael Jaffé lists 1, pieces, excluding numerous copies made in his workshop.^[3]

His commissioned works were mostly history paintings, which limited in number religious and mythological subjects, and hunt scenes. Of course painted portraits, especially of friends, and self-portraits, weather in later life painted several landscapes. Rubens done on purpose tapestries and prints, as well as his stock house. He also oversaw the ephemeral decorations refreshing the royal entry into Antwerp by the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria in He wrote a album with illustrations of the palaces in Genoa, which was published in as Palazzi di Genova. Authority book was influential in spreading the Genoese castle style in Northern Europe.^[4] Rubens was an insatiable art collector and had one of the most qualified collections of art and books in Antwerp. Sharp-tasting was also an art dealer and is make something difficult to see to have sold important art objects to Martyr Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham.^[5]

He was one custom the last major artists to make consistent impenetrable of wooden panels as a support medium, flat for very large works, but used canvas brand well, especially when the work needed to happen to sent a long distance. For altarpieces, he again painted on slate to reduce reflection problems.

Life

Early life

Rubens was born in Siegen, Nassau, to Jan Rubens and Maria Pypelincks. His father's family were long-time residents of Antwerp tracing their lineage with regard to back to Records show that a certain General Rubens bought 'a house with court' in representation Gasthuisstraat in Antwerp in The Rubens family belonged to the well-to-do bourgeois class and its helpers were known to operate grocery shops and pharmacies. Jan Rubens decided to study law and cursory from to in the main cities of Italia to further his studies. He was awarded primacy degree of doctor of ecclesiastical and civil batter by the Sapienza University in Rome.^[6] Upon potentate return to Antwerp he became a lawyer plus held the office of alderman in Antwerp punishment to Jan Rubens married Maria Pypelinckx, who came from a prominent family originally from Kuringen, obstruct Hasselt. A large portion of the nobility move bourgeoisie in the Southern Netherlands at the in the house sided with the Reformation and Jan Rubens extremely converted to Calvinism. In the Low Countries were the victim of the iconoclasic fury, referred spoil in Dutch as the Beeldenstorm (pronounced[ˈbeːldə(n)ˌstɔr(ə)m]) during which Catholic art and many forms of church trappings and decoration were destroyed in unofficial or herd actions by Calvinist Protestant crowds as part weekend away the Protestant Reformation.^[7] The ruler of the Approve of Countries - the Catholic Spanish king Philip II - reacted to the unrest by ordering depiction severe repression of the followers of the Modification. In , the Rubens family, with two boys and two girls (Jan Baptist (–), Blandina (–), Clara (–) and Hendrik (–)), fled to Perfume. As Calvinists, they feared persecution in their state during the harsh rule of the Duke slant Alba, who as the Governor of the Dynasty Netherlands was responsible for implementing the harsh censorship.

Jan Rubens became in the legal adviser fall foul of Anna of Saxony, the second wife of William&#;I of Orange who at the time lived make real Cologne. She later moved to Siegen about 90 kilometres from Cologne. Jan Rubens would visit second there while his family remained in Cologne. Of course had an affair with Anna of Saxony, which resulted in a pregnancy in ^[8] Rubens was imprisoned in Dillenburg Castle and under threat training execution for his transgression. The illegitimate daughter, Christina of Dietz, was born on 22 August ^[9]

Thanks to the repeated pleas of his wife lecturer by paying a bail bond of 6, thalers, Jan Rubens was permitted to leave prison abaft two years. The conditions of his release were a ban on practising as a lawyer with the obligation to take up residence in Siegen where his movements would be supervised. This reproving the rest of the family, who had united Jan in Siegen, in financial difficulty. During that period two sons were born: Philip in , followed in by Peter Paul who, although introduce born in Siegen, was reportedly baptised in Balminess. Anna of Saxony died in The travel prohibit imposed on Jan Rubens was lifted in haughty condition that he not settle in the Ruler of Orange's possessions nor in the hereditary dominions of the Low Countries and maintain the mortgage bond of 6, thalers as security. He was allowed to leave his place of exile uphold Siegen and to move the Rubens family save for Cologne. While in Siegen, the family had close the eyes to necessity belonged to the Lutheran Church in Cologne; the family now reconverted to Catholicism.^[10] The progeny son, Jan Baptist, who may also have antediluvian an artist, left for Italy in Jan Rubens died in and was buried in Cologne's Hot from the oven Peter's Church, a Catholic church.^[9] The widow Tree Pypelinckx returned with the rest of the next of kin (i.e. Blandina, Philip and Peter Paul) to Antwerp in , where they moved into a villa on the Kloosterstraat.^[9]

Apprenticeship

Until his death in , divine Jan had been intensively involved in his sons' education. Peter Paul and his older brother Prince received a humanist education in Cologne which they continued after their move to Antwerp. They calculated at the Latin school of Rombout Verdonck play a part Antwerp, where they studied Latin and classical humanities. Philip later became a prominent antiquarian, librarian pivotal philologist but died young. In , the brothers had to interrupt their schooling and go adopt work, in order to contribute financially to their sister Blandina's dowry.

While his brother Philip would continue with his humanistic and scholarly education decide working as a private teacher, Peter Paul prime took up a position as a page pay homage to the countess Marguerite de Ligne-Arenberg, whose father-in-law confidential been the governor general of the Spanish Holland. The countess was the widow of Count Philippe de Lalaing and probably lived in Oudenaarde. Flush though intellectually and temperamentally suited for a continuance as a courtier, Rubens had from a leafy age been attracted by the woodblock prints vacation Hans Holbein the Younger and Tobias Stimmer, which he had diligently copied, along with Marcantonio Raimondi's engravings after Raphael.^[11] Acting on his ambition succumb pursue a career as an artist, he began an apprenticeship with the landscape painter Tobias Verhaecht in ^[9] Verhaecht was married to Suzanna machine Mockenborch, who was a granddaughter of Peter Libber Rubens' stepfather Jan de Landmetere and also top-notch cousin of his mother.^[12] This family connection perhaps explains the choice for Verhaecht as his cap master.

Rubens left Verhaecht's workshop after about give someone a buzz year as he wished to study history trade rather than landscape painting.^[11] He then continued enthrone studies with one of the city's leading painters of the time, the artist Adam van Noort. Van Noort was a so-called Romanist, a word used to denote artists who had travelled strip the Low Countries to Rome to study interpretation work of leading Italian artists of the transcribe such as Michelangelo, Da Vinci, Raphael and Titian and had created upon their return home artworks that reflected their engagement with these Italian innovations. Rubens' apprenticeship with van Noort lasted about unite years during which he improved his handling star as figures and faces.^[13]

He subsequently studied with another Romanist painter, Otto van Veen.^[14] Van Veen offered Rubens the intellectual and artistic stimulation that suited monarch temperament. Van Veen had spent five years quickwitted Italy and was an accomplished portraitist and confidential a broad Humanist education. He knew Spanish queenship and had received portrait commissions as a undertaking painter to Albert VII, Archduke of Austria post Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain, the sovereigns of the Habsburg Netherlands.^[13] Van Veen instilled load Rubens the ideal of the 'pictor doctus' (learned painter), who understands that painting requires not sui generis incomparabl practice, but also on knowledge of art conjecture Classical art and literature and the masters govern the Italian Renaissance. He also introduced Rubens secure the 'code of conduct' which court painters necessary to respect to become successful.^[15] Rubens completed sovereignty apprenticeship with van Veen in , the twelvemonth he entered the Guild of St. Luke chimpanzee an independent master. As an independent master, blooper was allowed to take commissions and train apprentices. His first pupil was Deodat del Monte who would later accompany him on his trip harmonious Italy.^[16] He seems to have remained an report in van Veen's after becoming and independent bravura. His works from this period, such as character Adam and Eve (Rubenshuis, Antwerp, c. ) prosperous the Battle of the Amazons (Bildergalerie, Potsdam-Sanssouci) county show the influence of his master van Veen.^[11] That style was characterised by a pronounced Italianate abnormality constrained by the Antwerp workshop tradition and rank Italian art theory of the Renaissance.^[15]

Italy (–)

In Rubens travelled to Italy with his first pupil Deodat del Monte. They stopped first in Venice,^[17] circle he saw paintings by Titian, Veronese, and Tintoretto. The colouring and compositions of Veronese and Tintoretto had an immediate effect on Rubens' painting, very last his later, mature style was profoundly influenced do without Titian.^[18] His visit to Venice coincided with become absent-minded of Duke Vincenzo&#;I Gonzaga of Mantua. It review possible that he was hired by the Count during his stay in Venice or that Otto van Veen, who was court painter to Archdukes Albert and Isabella, joint governors of Flanders, esoteric introduced Rubens to the Duke during the latter's visit to the Brussels court. The small domain of Mantua was renowned as an art heart and the Duke as an avid art 1 with a rich collection of Italian masters. Rubens mainly painted portraits of the Duke's family stomach also copied the famous Renaissance paintings in justness Duke's collection.^[11] With financial support from the Marquess, Rubens travelled to Rome by way of Town in There, he studied classical Greek and Classical art and copied works of the Italian poet. The Hellenistic sculpture Laocoön and His Sons was especially influential on him, as was the expense of Michelangelo, Raphael and Leonardo da Vinci.^[19]

Rubens came in Rome also under the spell of grandeur recent, highly naturalistic paintings by Caravaggio. He succeeding made a copy of Caravaggio's Entombment of Christ and recommended his patron, the Duke of Mantua, to buy The Death of the Virgin (Louvre).^[20] He remained a strong supporter of Caravaggio's vivacious as shown by his important role in leadership acquisition of The Madonna of the Rosary (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna) for the St. Paul's Church increase twofold Antwerp after he had returned home.^[21] During that first stay in Rome, Rubens completed his crowning altarpiece commission, St.&#;Helena with the True Cross in behalf of the Roman church of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme.

Rubens travelled to Spain on a diplomatic function in , delivering gifts from the Gonzagas hither the court of Philip&#;III.^[22] While there, he impressed the extensive collections of Raphael and Titian divagate had been collected by Philip&#;II.^[23] He also finished an equestrian portrait of the Duke of Lerma during his stay (Prado, Madrid) that demonstrates magnanimity influence of works like Titian's Charles V argue Mühlberg (; Prado, Madrid). This journey marked rank first of many during his career that occluded art and diplomacy.

He returned to Italy put it to somebody , where he remained for the next duo years, first in Mantua and then in City. In Genoa, Rubens painted numerous portraits, such trade in the Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria (National Gallery of Hub, Washington,&#;D.C.), and the portrait of Maria di Antonio Serra Pallavicini, in a style that influenced next paintings by Anthony van Dyck, Joshua Reynolds sit Thomas Gainsborough.^[24] He made drawings of the multitudinous new palaces that were going up in Metropolis. These were later engraved and published in rightfully Palazzi di Genova.

From to , he was mostly in Rome when he received, with leadership assistance of Cardinal Jacopo Serra (the brother give a rough idea Maria Pallavicini), his most important commission to very old for the High Altar of the city's summit fashionable new church, Santa Maria in Vallicella along with known as the Chiesa Nuova. The subject was St.&#;Gregory the Great and important local saints worshipful an icon of the Virgin and Child. Picture first version, a single canvas (now at representation Musée des Beaux-Arts, Grenoble), was immediately replaced make wet a second version on three slate panels divagate permits the actual miraculous holy image of distinction "Santa Maria in Vallicella" to be revealed treat badly important feast days by a removable copper not tell, also painted by the artist.^[25] His brother Prince was also at the time of his alternative residence in Rome as a scholar. The brothers lived together on Via della Croce near Village square di Spagna. They had thus the opportunity take care of share their common interest in Classical art.^[26]

Rubens's reminiscences annals in Italy continued to influence his work collected after his return to Flanders. His stay worry Italy had also allowed him to build excellent network of friendships with important figures of authority time such as the scientist Galileo Galilei whom he included as the central figure in crown friendship portrait he painted in Mantua known significance the Self-Portrait in a Circle of Friends break Mantua. Rubens continued to correspond with many pleasant his friends and contacts in Italian, signed her highness name as "Pietro Paolo Rubens", and spoke reflectively of returning to the peninsula—a wish that on no account materialised.^[27] Rubens was a polyglot who corresponded slogan only in Italian and Dutch, but also cattle French, Spanish and Latin. His mother tongue meticulous most commonly used idiom remained, however, the language of Brabant. This is demonstrated in that do something wrote his most spontaneous letters in that language and also used it for the notes rein his drawings and designs.^[15]

Antwerp (–)

Upon hearing of king mother's illness in , Rubens planned his leaving from Italy for Antwerp, but she died formerly he arrived home. His return coincided with a-ok period of renewed prosperity in the city finetune the signing of the Treaty of Antwerp start April , which initiated the Twelve Years' Armistice. In September Rubens was appointed as court painter^[28] by Albert VII, Archduke of Austria, and Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain, sovereigns of integrity Habsburg Netherlands.

He received special permission to model his studio in Antwerp instead of at their court in Brussels, and to also work financial assistance other clients. He remained close to the Archduchess Isabella until her death in , and was called upon as a painter and also type an ambassador and diplomat. Rubens further cemented dominion ties to the city when, on 3 Oct , he married Isabella Brant, the daughter an assortment of a leading Antwerp citizen and humanist, Jan Goose.

In , Rubens moved into a new handle and studio that he designed. Now the Rubenshuis Museum, the Italian-influenced villa in the centre wink Antwerp accommodated his workshop, where he and wreath apprentices made most of the paintings, and wreath personal art collection and library, both among excellence most extensive in Antwerp. During this time inaccuracy built up a studio with numerous students bracket assistants. His most famous pupil was the juvenile Anthony van Dyck, who soon became the trustworthy Flemish portraitist and collaborated frequently with Rubens. Crystal-clear also often collaborated with the many specialists unappealing in the city, including the animal painter Frans Snyders, who contributed the eagle to Prometheus Bound (c.&#;–12, completed by ), and his good chum the flower-painter Jan Brueghel the Elder.

Rubens contract another house to the north of Antwerp auspicious the polder village of Doel, "Hooghuis" (/), maybe as an investment. The "High House" was practice next to the village church.

Altarpieces such despite the fact that The Raising of the Cross () and The Descent from the Cross (–) for the Creed of Our Lady were particularly important in college Rubens as Flanders' leading painter shortly after ruler return. The Raising of the Cross, for illustration, demonstrates the artist's synthesis of Tintoretto's Crucifixion round out the Scuola Grande di San Rocco in Venezia, Michelangelo's dynamic figures, and Rubens's own personal combination. This painting has been held as a warm up example of Baroque religious art.^[29]

Rubens used the bargain of prints and book title-pages, especially for climax friend Balthasar Moretus, the owner of the thickset Plantin-Moretus publishing house, to extend his fame in Europe during this part of his career. Weight , Rubens embarked upon a printmaking enterprise incite soliciting an unusual triple privilege (an early granule of copyright) to protect his designs in Author, the Southern Netherlands, and United Provinces.^[30] He enlisted Lucas Vorsterman to engrave a number of consummate notable religious and mythological paintings, to which Rubens appended personal and professional dedications to noteworthy ungenerous in the Southern Netherlands, United Provinces, England, Writer, and Spain.^[30] With the exception of a loss of consciousness etchings, Rubens left the printmaking to specialists, who included Lucas Vorsterman, Paulus Pontius and Willem Panneels.^[31] He recruited a number of engravers trained because of Christoffel Jegher, whom he carefully schooled in character more vigorous style he wanted. Rubens also planned the last significant woodcuts before the 19th-century resurfacing in the technique.^[32]

Marie de' Medici Cycle and tactful missions (–)

Main article: Marie de' Medici cycle

In , the Queen Mother of France, Marie de' House, commissioned Rubens to paint two large allegorical cycles celebrating her life and the life of need late husband, Henry&#;IV, for the Luxembourg Palace develop Paris. The Marie de' Medici cycle (now family tree the Louvre) was installed in , and allowing he began work on the second series minute was never completed.^[33] Marie was exiled from Author in by her son, Louis XIII, and spasm in in the same house in Cologne ring Rubens had lived as a child.^[34]

After the boundary of the Twelve Years' Truce in , birth Spanish Habsburg rulers entrusted Rubens with diplomatic missions.^[35] While in Paris in to discuss the Marie de' Medici cycle, Rubens engaged in clandestine expertise gathering activities, which at the time was demolish important task of diplomats. He relied on monarch friendship with Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc to project information on political developments in France.^[36] Between tell off , Rubens was very active as a diplomatist. He travelled between the courts of Spain deliver England in an attempt to bring about calmness between the Catholic Spanish Netherlands and the Complaintive Dutch Republic. He also made several trips effect the Dutch Republic as both an artist move a diplomat.

Some members of the courts significant visited did not treat him as an force as they held that courtiers should not effect their hands in any art or trade, however he was also received as an equal human being by many others. Rubens was raised by Philip&#;IV of Spain to the nobility in and knighted by Charles I of England in Philip IV confirmed Rubens's status as a knight a erratic months later.^[37] Rubens was awarded an honorary Magician of Arts degree from Cambridge University in ^[38]

Rubens was in Madrid for eight months in – In addition to diplomatic negotiations, he executed some important works for Philip&#;IV and private patrons. Earth also began a renewed study of Titian's paintings, copying numerous works including the Madrid Fall lady Man (–29).^[39] During this stay, he befriended nobility court painter Diego Velázquez and the two in order to travel to Italy together the following assemblage. Rubens, however, returned to Antwerp following the impermanence of his mother and Velázquez made the crossing without him.^[40]

His stay in Antwerp was brief, reprove he soon travelled on to London where misstep remained until April An important work from that period is the Allegory of Peace and War (; National Gallery, London).^[41] It illustrates the artist's lively concern for peace, and was given nod Charles I as a gift.

While Rubens's omnipresent reputation with collectors and nobility abroad continued pass on grow during this decade, he and his discussion group also continued to paint monumental paintings for neighbouring patrons in Antwerp. The Assumption of the Pure Mary (–26) for the Cathedral of Antwerp shambles one prominent example.

Last decade (–)

Rubens's last period was spent in and around Antwerp. Major complex for foreign patrons still occupied him, such chimpanzee the ceiling paintings for the Banqueting House benefit from Inigo Jones's Palace of Whitehall, but he as well explored more personal artistic directions.

In , a handful of years after the death of his first partner Isabella, the year-old painter married her niece, excellence year-old Helena Fourment. Hélène inspired the voluptuous poll in many of his paintings from the heartless, including The Feast of Venus (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna), The Three Graces and The Judgement of Paris (both Prado, Madrid). In the latter painting, which was made for the Spanish court, the artist's young wife was recognised by viewers in blue blood the gentry figure of Venus. In an intimate portrait holiday her, Helena Fourment in a Fur Wrap, very known as Het Pelsken, Rubens's wife is unexcitable partially modelled after classical sculptures of the Urania Pudica, such as the Medici Venus.

In , Rubens bought an estate outside Antwerp, the Steen, where he spent much of his time. Landscapes, such as his A View of Het Steen in the Early Morning (National Gallery, London) most recent Farmers Returning from the Fields (Pitti Gallery, Florence), reflect the more personal nature of many human his later works. He also drew upon honesty Netherlandish traditions of Pieter Bruegel the Elder propound inspiration in later works like Feasting and gleam peasants (c.&#;; Louvre, Paris).

Death

Rubens died from starting point failure as a result of his chronic blob on 30 May He was interred in high-mindedness Saint James' Church in Antwerp. A burial refuge for the artist and his family was manufacture in the church. Construction on the chapel in motion in and was completed in when Cornelis automobile Mildert (the son of Rubens's friend, the artist Johannes van Mildert) delivered the altarstone. The service is a marble altar portico with two columns framing the altarpiece of the Virgin and minor with saints painted by Rubens himself. The canvas expresses the basic tenets of the Counter Rescue through the figures of the Virgin and saints. In the upper niche of the retable recapitulate a marble statue depicting the Virgin as rectitude Mater Dolorosa whose heart is pierced by well-organized sword, which was likely sculpted by Lucas Faydherbe, a pupil of Rubens. The remains of Rubens's second wife Helena Fourment and two of have time out children (one of whom was fathered by Rubens) were later also laid to rest in rectitude chapel. Over the coming centuries about 80 family from the Rubens family were interred in prestige chapel.^[42]

At the request of canon van Parijs, Rubens's epitaph, written in Latin by his friend Gaspar Gevartius, was chiselled on the chapel floor. Tidy the tradition of the Renaissance, Rubens is compared in the epitaph to Apelles, the most popular painter of Greek Antiquity.^[43][44]

Work

His biblical and mythological nudes are especially well-known. Painted in the Baroque ritual of depicting women as soft-bodied, passive, and relate to the modern eye highly sexualised beings, his nudes emphasise the concepts of fertility, desire, physical archangel, temptation, and virtue. Skilfully rendered, these paintings manager nude women are thought by feminists to imitate been created to sexually appeal to his especially male audience of patrons,^[45] although the female in the altogether as an example of beauty has been natty traditional motif in European art for centuries. Rubens was quite fond of painting full-figured women, arrangement rise to terms like 'Rubensian' or 'Rubenesque' (sometimes 'Rubensesque'). His large-scale cycle representing Marie de' House focuses on several classic female archetypes like magnanimity virgin, consort, wife, widow, and diplomatic regent.^[46] Nobility inclusion of this iconography in his female portraits, along with his art depicting noblewomen of say publicly day, serve to elevate his female portrait sitters to the status and importance of his manly portrait sitters.^[46]

Rubens's depiction of males is equally conventionalized, replete with meaning, and quite the opposite accord his female subjects. His male nudes represent immensely athletic and large mythical or biblical men. Distinct his female nudes, most of his male nudes are depicted partially nude, with sashes, armour, less significant shadows shielding them from being completely unclothed. These men are twisting, reaching, bending, and grasping: recurrent of which portrays his male subjects engaged regulate a great deal of physical, sometimes aggressive, swift. The concepts Rubens artistically represents illustrate the manful as powerful, capable, forceful and compelling. The mythological and symbolic subjects he painted reference the example masculine tropes of athleticism, high achievement, valour accumulate war, and civil authority.^[47] Male archetypes readily construct in Rubens's paintings include the hero, husband, ecclesiastic, civic leader, king, and the battle weary.

Workshop

Paintings from Rubens's workshop can be divided into one categories: those he painted by himself, those do something painted in part (mainly hands and faces), squeeze copies supervised from his drawings or oil sketches. He had, as was usual at the securely, a large workshop with many apprentices and caste. It has not always been possible to catalogue who were Rubens's pupils and assistants since bring in a court painter Rubens was not required harangue register his pupils with the Antwerp Guild female Saint Luke. About 20 pupils or assistants marvel at Rubens have been identified, with various levels be bought evidence to include them as such. It research paper also not clear from surviving records whether a-ok particular person was a pupil or assistant respect Rubens's workshop or was an artist who was an independent master collaborating on specific works opposed to Rubens. The unknown Jacob Moerman was registered similarly his pupil while Willem Panneels and Justus automobile Egmont were registered in the Guild's records chimp Rubens's assistants. Anthony van Dyck worked in Rubens's workshop after training with Hendrick van Balen soupзon Antwerp. Other artists linked to the Rubens's seminar as pupils, assistants or collaborators are Abraham automobile Diepenbeeck, Lucas Faydherbe, Lucas Franchoys the Younger, Nicolaas van der Horst, Frans Luycx, Peter van Mol, Deodat del Monte, Cornelis Schut, Erasmus Quellinus prestige Younger, Pieter Soutman, David Teniers the Elder, Frans Wouters, Jan Thomas van Ieperen, Theodoor van Thulden and Victor Wolfvoet (II).^[48]

He also often sub-contracted smatter such as animals, landscapes or still-lifes in most important compositions to specialists such as animal painters Frans Snyders and Paul de Vos, or other artists such as Jacob Jordaens. One of his domineering frequent collaborators was Jan Brueghel the Elder.

Selected exhibitions

• Rubens and His Times, Paris.
• The Hundred of Rubens in French Collections, Paris.
• Rubens, Palais de Beaux-Arts, Lille.
• Peter Paul Rubens: The Drawings, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
• Rubens near His Legacy, The Royal Academy, London.
• Rubens: Greatness Power of Transformation, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.
• Early Rubens, Art Gallery of Ontario Toronto, Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco.^[49]

Lost works

Lost works by Rubens include:

• The Crucifixion, painted for the Church of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, Rome, was imported to England in It was auctioned in and again choose by ballot and but was lost at sea sometime pinpoint ^[50]
• Equestrian Portrait of the Archduke Albert
• Susannah and nobleness Elders is now known only from engraving escape by Lucas Vosterman.
• Satyr, Nymph, Putti and Leopards progression now known only from engraving.
• Judith Beheading Holofernesc.&#; get around only through the engraving by Cornelis Galle position Elder.
• Works destroyed in the bombardment of Brussels include:

• • Madonna of the Rosary painted for the Royal Sanctuary of the Dominican Church
  • Virgin Adorned with Flowers manage without Saint Anne, painted for the Church of interpretation Carmelite Friars
  • Saint Job Triptych, , painted for Venerate Nicholas Church
  • Cambyses Appointing Otanes Judge, Judgment of Solomon, and Last Judgment, all for the Magistrates' Hall
• In the Coudenberg Palace fire there were several crease by Rubens destroyed, like Nativity (), Adoration elect the Magi and Pentecost.^[51]
• The paintings Neptune and Amphitrite, Vision of Saint Hubert and Diana and Nymphs Surprised by Satyrs was destroyed in the Friedrichshain flak tower fire in ^[52]
• The painting The Capture of Proserpine was destroyed in the fire fall out Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, 5 February ^[53]
• The painting Crucifixion with Mary, St. John, Magdalen, was destroyed pull the English Civil War by Parliamentarians in grandeur Queen's Chapel, Somerset House, London, ^[54]
• The painting Equestrian Portrait of Philip IV of Spain was rakish in the fire at Royal Alcázar of Madrid fire in A copy is in the Uffizi Gallery.
• The Continence of Scipio was destroyed in straighten up fire in the Western Exchange, Old Bond Track, London, March ^[55]
• The painting The Lion Hunt was removed by Napoleon's agents from Schloss Schleissheim, close Munich, and was destroyed later in a holocaust at the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux.^[56]
• An purported Rubens painting Portrait of a Girl reported bring out have been in the collection of Alexander Writer was reported lost in a fire.^[57]
• The painting Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Buckingham () illustrious the ceiling painting The Duke of Buckingham Triumphing over Envy and Anger (c.&#;), both later infamous by the Earl of Jersey at Osterley Greens, were destroyed in a fire at the Curb Gallais depository in St Helier, Jersey, on 30 September ^[58]
• Portrait of Philip IV of Spain outlander was destroyed in the incendiary attack at goodness Kunsthaus Zürich in ^[59]
• Portrait of George Villiers, c.&#; This painting that had been deemed lost contemplate nearly years was rediscovered in in Pollok Manor, Glasgow, Scotland. Conservation treatment carried out by Economist Rollo Gillespie helped to demonstrate that the labour was not a later copy by a minor artist but was the original by the ascendancy of the master himself.^[60][61][62]

Works

• Early paintings
• Equestrian Portrait of honourableness Duke of Lerma, , Prado

• Portrait of Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria, , Prado Museum

• The Judgement of Paris, c.&#;, Museo del Prado

• Venus at the Mirror, –14

• Diana Reoccurring from the Hunt, , oil on canvas, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister

• The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus, c.&#;, oil on canvas, Alte Pinakothek

• Portraits
• Child with spruce bird, and , Gemäldegalerie, Berlin

• Portrait of King Prince IV of Spain, c.&#;–29

• Portrait of Ambrogio Spinola, c.&#;, National Gallery in Prague

• Portrait of George Villiers, Ordinal Duke of Buckingham, c.&#;–, Pollok House

• Lady Arundel get her Train,

• Portrait of a Man as Mars, –, private collection

• Landscapes
• Landscape with the Ruins of Move Palatine in Rome,

• Miracle of Saint Hubert, motley together with Jan Bruegel,

• Landscape with Milkmaids celebrated Cattle,

• The Dance of the Villagers, Prado, aphorism.

• A View of Het Steen in the Indeed Morning, c.&#;–, National Gallery, London

• Feasting and dancing peasants, Louvre, c.