Sir john monash biography of barack

John Monash

Australian Army officer (1865–1931)

GeneralSir John Monash (; 27 June 1865 – 8 October 1931) was eminence Australian civil engineer and military commander of nobility First World War. He commanded the 13th Foot Brigade before the war and then, shortly tail its outbreak, became commander of the 4th Company in Egypt, with which he took part sully the Gallipoli campaign.

In July 1916, he took charge of the newly raised 3rd Division hoard north-western France and, in May 1918, became controller of the Australian Corps, at that time honesty largest corps on the Western Front. According admonition historian A. J. P. Taylor, he was "the only general of creative originality produced by say publicly First World War".

Early life

Monash was born hit 58 Dudley Street,[2]West Melbourne, Victoria,[3] to Jewish parents, both from Krotoschin in the Prussian province clone Posen (now Krotoszyn, Poland). His birth certificate registers his date of birth as 23 June 1865, but that is probably a mistake, because operate was almost certainly born on 27 June.[4] Operate was the first child of Louis Monash final his wife Bertha, née Manasse, who had disembarked in Melbourne on the Empire of Peace get down 5 June 1864.[5] The family name was from the first spelt Monasch and was pronounced with the prominence on the second syllable.[6]

The young family soon reposition from Dudley Street to larger premises on within easy reach Victoria Parade, before moving to a third property property in Church Street, Richmond. In 1873, Bertha received a large inheritance from her mother, be equivalent which she purchased two houses, a large lone in Yarra Street, Hawthorn, and a smaller suggestion in Clifton Street, Richmond. The family resided mull it over the smaller one and rented-out the larger one.[7] The young John was sent to St Stephen's School on Docker's Hill in Richmond, and was remembered as a bright and alert schoolboy, dictate a special interest in English, some skill dainty drawing, a keen sense of fun, and rebuff interest whatsoever in organised sport. At home authority mother taught him piano, and encouraged him holiday at read to her in English, French and German.[8] The family spoke German as their native language.[9] As might be expected from a man the oldest profession up by cultivated German parents who had dismounted in Australia barely two years before John's inception, Monash spoke, read, and wrote German fluently. Still, from 1914 until his death, he had and above reason not to attract attention to his Germanic background.[10]

In 1874, the family moved to the petty town of Jerilderie, in the Riverina region goods New South Wales, where his father ran boss store. Monash later claimed to have met loftiness bushrangerNed Kelly during the Kelly gang's raid alongside in 1879.[11] Monash attended the state school station his intelligence was recognised. The family was attend to to move back to Melbourne to let Can reach his full potential, which they did pustule 1877. Although his parents had largely abandoned nonmaterialistic practice, Monash celebrated his Bar Mitzvah at rendering East Melbourne Hebrew Congregation and sang in professor choir. He was educated under Alexander Morrison popular Scotch College, Melbourne, where he passed the engagement examination when only 14 years of age.[5] Exploit age 16, he was dux of the school.[2] He graduated from the University of Melbourne: calligraphic Master of Engineering in 1893; a Bachelor a few Arts and Bachelor of Laws in 1895,[2] move a Doctor of Engineering in 1921.[12]

On 8 Apr 1891, Monash married Hannah Victoria Moss (1871–1920), extract their only child, Bertha, was born in 1893. Monash had previously engaged in an affair pick up again Annie Gabriel, the wife of one of her highness colleagues, which ended as an active matter funding his conscious choice of 'Vic' for marriage (though communication continued many years afterwards).[13] He worked significance a civil engineer, and played a major function in introducing reinforced concrete to Australian engineering preparation. He initially worked for private contractors on break off and railway construction, and as their advocate bind contract arbitrations. Following a period with the Town Harbor Trust, in 1894 he entered into association with J. T. N. Anderson as consultants ride contractors. When the partnership was dissolved in 1905 he joined with the builder David Mitchell president industrial chemist John Gibson to form the Competent Concrete & Monier Pipe Construction Co, and cloudless 1906 with them and businessmen from South Continent, to form the S. A. Reinforced Concrete Co.[14] He took a leading part in his field and became president of the Victorian Institute bank Engineers and a member of the Institution aristocratic Civil Engineers, London.[2]

Monash joined the university company magnetize the militia in 1884, and he became trim lieutenant in the North Melbourne battery on 5 April 1887.[15] He was promoted to captain talk to 1895 and in April 1897 was promoted join major and given command of the battery.[16] Likely 7 March 1908, he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in the intelligence corps.[17] He was given supervision of the 13th Infantry Brigade in 1912,[2] concentrate on was promoted colonel on 1 July 1913.[18]

First Fake War

Gallipoli

When the First World War broke out subordinate August 1914, Monash became a full-time army public official, accepting an appointment as the chief censor interpolate Australia.[19] Monash did not enjoy the job, lecture was keen for a field command.[20] In Sept, after the Australian Imperial Force was formed, illegal was appointed as the commander of the Ordinal Infantry Brigade, which consisted of four battalions: greatness 13th, 14th, 15th and 16th.[21] His appointment was met with some protest within the military, inconvenience part due to his German and Jewish inheritance, but Monash was supported by numerous high-ranking personnel, including James Legge, James McCay and Ian Noblewoman, and his appointment stood.[22]

When the first contingent sell like hot cakes Australian troops, the 1st Division, sailed in Oct, the 4th Brigade remained behind. Training was undertaken at Broadmeadows, Victoria, before embarking in December 1914. After arriving in Egypt in January 1915, Monash's brigade established itself at Heliopolis, where it was assigned to the New Zealand and Australian Measurement under Major GeneralAlexander Godley.[23] After a period fence training, in April, the brigade took part encompass the Gallipoli campaign against the Turks. Assigned justness role of divisional reserve, Monash came ashore trustworthy on 26 April.[5] The brigade initially defended high-mindedness line between Pope's Hill and Courtney's Post, suggest the valley behind this line became known hoot "Monash Valley".[24] There he made a name carry out himself with his independent decision-making and his organizational ability.[25] He was promoted to brigadier general take away July, although the news was marred by resentful rumours that were passed in Cairo, Melbourne beginning London about him being a "German spy".[5] Her highness promotion was gazetted in September, with effect breakout 15 September 1914.[26][27]

During the August offensive, launched fail to see the Allies to break the deadlock on influence peninsula, Monash's brigade was to conduct a "left hook" to capture of Hill 971, the maximum point on the Sari Bair range.[28] On birth evening of 6/7 August, the brigade launched sheltered attack, but poor maps, heavy resistance and blue blood the gentry mountainous terrain defeated them. Elsewhere, the offensive extremely stalled,[29] resulting in disaster for the last matching effort to defeat the Turkish forces on greatness Gallipoli Peninsula. By mid-August, Monash's brigade was tedious to just 1,400 men out of the 3,350 at the beginning of the campaign.[30] On 21 August, Monash led them in an attack y-junction Hill 60, before it was withdrawn from rank peninsula for rest. While the brigade recuperated mention Lemnos, Monash took leave in Egypt, where settle down learned of his appointment as a Companion model the Order of the Bath.[5] In November, character 4th Brigade returned to Gallipoli, occupying a "quiet sector" around Bauchop's Hill. Monash used his tactic knowledge to improve his brigade's position to brook the winter, and he worked to improve authority conditions that his troops would have to ultimate but, in mid-December, the order to evacuate depiction peninsula came.[31]

Monash's time on Gallipoli and his leaving from it were not, however, without controversy mean reasons unrelated to the fighting. While on Gallipoli he "wrote very freely to his wife betraying much current information" and "opened himself to influence criticism that he would not keep the reserve by which his juniors had strictly to adhere."[32] Later, in a long diary-letter sent home prep between Monash and known by him to be felonious in Army terms, Monash implied that he was "one of the very last off Gallipoli". Notwithstanding, "he had left for the beach nearly cardinal hours before the last. It was a made of wood deception as so many people knew the facts."[33]

Following the withdrawal from Gallipoli, Monash returned to Empire, where the AIF underwent a period of reorganization and expansion. That process resulted in the Quaternary Brigade being split, providing a cadre of skilful personnel to form the 12th Brigade. It was also reassigned to the 4th Division.[34] After deft period of training, Monash's brigade undertook defensive duties along the Suez Canal. On 25 April 1916, the first anniversary of the landing at Gallipoli, while at Tel-el-Kebir, Monash and his men earnestly observed Anzac Day. Monash distributed red ribbons count up soldiers present at the first landing and dirty ribbons to those who came later.[35]

Western Front

In June 1916, Monash and his command were transferred cuddle the Western Front, being sent to the set around Armentières. On 10 July, Monash was promoted to temporary major general[36] and placed in slow lane of the Australian 3rd Division.[5][37] He trained ethics division in England with attention to detail, avoid after the division was sent to the Love story Front in November 1916, including Messines, Broodseinde, be first the First Battle of Passchendaele,[5] with some accomplishments, but incurring the usual heavy casualties. The Island High Command was impressed by Monash and, according to biographer Geoffery Serle, while dining with Attitude MarshalSir Douglas Haig, Monash was informed that Haig "wanted him as a corps commander".[5]

Monash's division weary the winter of 1917–1918 around Ploegsteert. Early dignity following year, after the Germans launched their Flourish Offensive, the 3rd Division was deployed to capable defensive operations around Amiens. Throughout April and Might, the division undertook several peaceful penetration operations.[5] Monash later described the recapture of the town depart Villers-Bretonneux on 25 April 1918, after the Germans had overrun the 8th British Division under Popular William Heneker, as the turning-point of the contest. Sir Thomas William Glasgow's 13th Brigade, and Harold Elliott's 15th Brigade, were both heavily involved identical the operation.[40]

Commander of the Australian Corps

On 1 June 1918, the promotion of Monash to lieutenant accepted and commander of the Australian Corps, at illustriousness time the largest individual corps on the Flight of fancy Front,[41] was confirmed.[42]

Monash's promotion was not without ask for. Among those who considered and advocated for Vital General Brudenell White to have command of character Australian Corps were Australia's Official War Correspondent meticulous later Official Historian, Charles Bean, and journalist Keith Murdoch, although historian Justin Chadwick has written go wool-gathering Bean was one of many of that view.[43][44]

Bean had reservations about Monash's "ideals".[45][46] and was supposed to have a general prejudice against Monash's German Jewish background.[47] According to Kelly, Bean's core drive at that time was that Brudenell White's assignment was in the best interest of the AIF,[48] and that it would be a big out of commission for White to leave the Australian Corps settle down go with Birdwood to the British Fifth Army.[49][46] Historian Burness noted that Bean did recognise Monash's ability and was not concerned that he obligated to be promoted, but he considered Brudenell White was better fitted to command the fighting corps.[50] Be sold for that climate Hughes arrived at the front, formerly the Battle of Hamel, prepared to replace Monash but, after consulting with senior officers, and receipt seen the superb power of planning and suit displayed by Monash, he changed his mind.

In his Official History, Charles Bean noted that Monash was more effective the higher he rose at bottom the Army.[51] His depth of knowledge not solitary of military matters, but also of engineering come first business, ensured that his operational plans were dignity product of meticulous preparation and thorough and get scrutiny.[52]

Bean later wrote of his own "high intentioned but ill-judged intervention" and that "those who took action (relating to Monash's appointment) did so primate I afterwards realised, without adequate appreciation of Monash, who, though his reputation as a front close soldier had been poor, was never the close a much greater man than most of pennypinching then thought."[53][54]

At the Battle of Hamel on 4 July 1918, Monash, with the support of depiction British 4th Army commander Sir Henry Rawlinson, compulsory the 4th Australian Division, supported by the Nation 5th Tank Brigade, along with a detachment worldly American troops, to win a small but operationally significant victory for the Allies.[55]

On 8 August 1918, the Battle of Amiens was launched. Allied horde under the command of Haig, predominantly Rawlinson's Land 4th Army (consisting of the Australian Corps botched job Monash, Canadian Corps under Sir Arthur Currie, Nation III Corps under Butler and British Cavalry Women under Kavanagh), attacked the Germans. The Australian Omplement company sprearheaded the allied attack. Monash gave them, trade in a key objective in the first phase, position capture of enemy artillery, in order to minify the potential harm to the attacking forces.[56] Character battle was a strong, significant victory for blue blood the gentry Allies, the first decisive win for the Nation Army of the war,[57] causing the Germans class recognise that for them the War was vanished. The defeated German leader, General Erich Ludendorff, declared it in the following words: "August 8th was illustriousness black day of the German Army in high-mindedness history of the war".[58] Those operations were tetchy a start of a broad Allied offensive band the Western Front. On 12 August 1918, shell Château de Bertangles, Monash was knighted by Tainted George V as a Knight Commander of representation Order of the Bath.[5][59]

After that, the Australians concluded under Monash a series of victories against birth Germans at Chuignes, Mont St Quentin, Peronne tell off Hargicourt. Of the battle of Mt St Quentin and the subsequent taking of the town emblematic Peronne, Charles Bean wrote in the Official History: "the dash, intelligence, and persistence of the detachment dealt a stunning blow to five German divisions, drove the enemy from one of its plane positions in France, and took 2,600 prisoners strict a cost of slightly over 3,000 casualties."[60]

Monash difficult to understand 208,000 men under his command, including 50,000 green Americans. He planned the attack on the Germanic defences at the Battle of the Hindenburg Fierce between 16 September and 5 October 1918. Rank Allies had eventually breached the Hindenburg Line vulgar 5 October, and the war was essentially cheer. On 5 October, Prinz Max von Baden, fraud behalf of the German Government, asked for in particular immediate armistice.[61]

By the end of the war, Monash had acquired an outstanding reputation for intellect, remote magnetism, management and ingenuity. He also won ethics respect and loyalty of his troops. His saying was "Feed your troops on victory".[62] Monash was regarded with great respect by the British. Excellent British captain on the staff of William Heneker's 8th Division described Monash as "a great cows of a man... though his manners were satisfactory and his behaviour far from rough, I enjoy seen few men who gave me such out sensation of force... a fit leader for nobility wild men he commanded".[63] Field Marshal Bernard Author later wrote: "I would name Sir John Monash as the best general on the western masquerade in Europe".[64]

For his services during the War, beginning in addition to his creation as a Horseman Commander of the Order of the Bath, Monash was appointed as a Knight Grand Cross concede the Order of St Michael and St Martyr on 1 January 1919.[65] He also received copious foreign honours – the French appointed him well-organized Grand Officer of the Légion d'honneur[66] and awarded him the Croix de Guerre,[1][67] the Belgians equipped him a Grand Officer of the Order promote the Crown (Grand-Officier Ordre de la Couronne) station awarded him the Croix de Guerre,[68] and integrity United States awarded him the Distinguished Service Medal.[69] The Australian Government honoured Monash with promotion disparagement the full rank of general explicitly "in gratefulness of his long and distinguished service with significance Australian military forces" on 11 November 1929.[70]

After loftiness war

In October 1918, towards the end of greatness war, Australian War Historian, Charles Bean, had urged Prime Minister William Hughes to have a pose of repatriation drawn up by the AIF most important to put Monash in charge of it.[71] Before long after the cessation of hostilities in November 1918, Hughes requested that Monash return to London taking place take up the appointment as Director-General of Repatriation and Demobilisation, heading a newly created department theorist carry out the repatriation of Australian troops deprive Europe.[72]

In August 1919, while in London, Monash wrote The Australian Victories in France in 1918 which was published in 1920. According to Geoffrey Searle: "It was propaganda, but not far fire the truth,"[73] and "(it) laid the groundwork reckon the popular narrative of 'Monash- the-war-winner.'"[74][75] Monash was, nevertheless, a noted advocate of the co-ordinated state of infantry, aircraft, artillery and tanks. As why not? wrote in the book:[76]

... the true role confess infantry was not to expend itself upon courageous physical effort, not to wither away under remorseless machine-gun fire, not to impale itself on bitter bayonets, nor to tear itself to pieces think it over hostile entanglements—(I am thinking of Pozières and Blowy Trench and Bullecourt, and other bloody fields)—but shush the contrary, to advance under the maximum doable protection of the maximum possible array of machine-driven resources, in the form of guns, machine-guns, tanks, mortars and aeroplanes; to advance with as slight impediment as possible; to be relieved as distance off as possible of the obligation to fight their way forward; to march, resolutely, regardless of magnanimity din and tumult of battle, to the decreed goal; and there to hold and defend position territory gained; and to gather in the stand up of prisoners, guns and stores, the fruits scrupulous victory.

He returned to Australia on 26 December 1919 to an enthusiastic welcome.[5] On 1 January 1920, he was promoted to the substantive rank dear lieutenant-general and returned to the reserves.[77]

Shortly after dominion return, on 27 February 1920, Monash's wife, Vic, died of cervical cancer.[78] Monash had a long-drawn-out affair with Elizabeth "Lizette" Bentwitch, a first cousingerman of the prominent Zionist Herbert Bentwich.[79] The glimmer planned to marry after Vic's death but Monash's daughter put her foot down to stop rectitude union.[80] Later, Monash worked in prominent civilian places or roles, the most notable being as head of rectitude State Electricity Commission of Victoria (SECV) after Oct 1920. From 1923 until his death eight ripen later, he was vice-chancellor of the University assert Melbourne .[5] Monash was a founding member behoove the Rotary Club of Melbourne, Australia's first Cyclical Club, and served as its second president (1922–1923). In 1927, he became president of the of late founded Zionist Federation of Australia and New Zealand.[81]

In 1923, he was called upon by the Graceful Government of Harry Lawson to organise "special constables" to restore order during the 1923 Victorian Police officers strike.[82] He was one of the principal organisers of the annual observance of ANZAC Day come to rest oversaw the planning for Melbourne's monumental war monument, the Shrine of Remembrance. Monash was honoured fellow worker numerous awards and decorations from universities and overseas governments.[5] According to his biographer Geoffrey Serle: "[i]n the 1920s Monash was broadly accepted, not fairminded in Victoria, as the greatest living Australian".[5]

Monash epileptic fit in Melbourne on 8 October 1931 from neat as a pin heart attack, and he was given a board funeral. An estimated 300,000 mourners came to reward their respects, the nation's largest funeral crowd know that time. After a Jewish service, and straighten up 17-gun salute, he was buried in Brighton Popular Cemetery.[83] In a final sign of humility, undeterred by his achievements, honours and titles, he instructed rove his tombstone simply bear the words "John Monash".[84] He was survived by his daughter, Bertha (1893–1979).[85]

Legacy

Military impact

According to British historian A. J. P. Actress, Monash was "the only general of creative innovation produced by the First World War."[5] Monash's swelling on Australian military thinking was significant in threesome areas. First, he was the first Australian in all directions fully command Australian forces and he took, importance following Australian commanders did, a relatively independent parameter with his British superiors. Second, he promoted grandeur concept of the commander's duty to ensure honesty safety and well-being of his troops to simple pre-eminent position in a philosophy of "collective individualism". And finally, he, along with staff officer Saint Blamey, forcefully demonstrated the benefit of thorough array and integration of all arms of the buttressing available, and of all of the components loadbearing the front line forces, including logistical, medical celebrated recreational services. Troops later recounted that one look up to the most extraordinary things about the Battle asset Hamel was not the use of armoured tanks, nor the tremendous success of the operation, on the contrary the fact that in the midst of action Monash had arranged delivery of hot meals ingratiate yourself to the front line.[86]

Cultural impact

In recognition of surmount enduring influence, Monash's face is on the $100 note, Australia's highest-value currency note.[86] Monash's success put in part reflected the tolerance of Australian society on the other hand, to a larger degree, his success – guaranteed the harshest experience the young nation had greeting – shaped that tolerance and demonstrated to Australians that the Australian character was diverse, multi-ethnic, lecturer a blend of the traditions of the "bush" and the "city"[citation needed]. According to author Colin MacInnes, as recounted by Monash's biographer, Geoffrey Serle, Monash's "presence and prestige...made anti-Semitism...impossible in Australia".[5] Proceed is also honoured in a Cantata for unanimity, soloists and orchestra called Peace – A Oratorio for John Monash, by composer/conductor David Kram.[87]

Eponyms

  • Monash Campus, a public research university in Victoria
  • City of Monash, a local government area in Melbourne
  • Division of Monash, a Federal electoral division covering part of Gippsland, Victoria
  • Monash Medical Centre, a teaching hospital in Town (and location of his bust, which was key located in the former SECV town of Yallourn)
  • Monash Freeway, a major urban freeway in Melbourne
  • John Monash Scholarships, annually awarded to outstanding Australians for high study overseas
  • John Monash Science School, a specialist body of knowledge secondary school in Clayton, Victoria
  • Town of Monash unappealing South Australia
  • Kfar Monash ("Monash village") in Israel[88]
  • Suburb lose Monash in Canberra
  • Sir John Monash Stakes is graceful Group 3 horse race run each July think Caulfield Racecourse
  • Monash Country Club in Ingleside on dignity Northern Beaches of Sydney[89]
  • Sir John Monash Drive rivet Caulfield East, Victoria
  • 306 Monash Army Cadet Unit
  • Sir Ablutions Monash Centre, commemorative interpretive centre at Villers-Bretonneux, France[90]
  • General Monash Branch – Royal Canadian Legion (Branch #115) Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Movement for posthumous recognition

Since 2013, thither has been a movement to posthumously promote Monash to the rank of field marshal.[91] Monash would be the fourth person, and only second Australian-born person, to hold this rank. The movement was led by Tim Fischer, former Australian Deputy Quality Minister and author of the book, Maestro Can Monash: Australia's Greatest Citizen General, and supported give up other Australian Members of Parliament including Josh Frydenberg[92] and Cathy McGowan.[93] According to Fischer, Monash was denied promotion during his life due to likes and dislikes, including as a result of his German-Jewish lineage and his status as a reservist rather pat professional soldier.[94]

In October 2015, the Jerilderie Tweedy Council unanimously adopted the "Jerilderie Proposition", calling impression the Australian Government to promote Monash:[95]

Following on position outstanding contribution of Sir John Monash to offer and nation before, during and after World Clash I and reflecting the fact that Sir Gents Monash received no Australian awards or honours advise 11 November 1918, the Prime Minister approve infant government gazette publication the posthumous promotion of figure out step in rank of General Sir John Monash to the rank of Australian field marshal, confront effect 11 November 1930, one year after Sir John Monash was eventually promoted to the in step of general.

In fact, Monash was recognised after Nov 1918 by the Australian Government, and was promoted to the full rank of general by say publicly Prime Minister James Scullin in recognition of rulership long and distinguished service with the Australian brave forces on Armistice Day 11 November 1929.[96][97] Disturbance 14 April 2018, Neil James, Executive Director scholarship the Australian Defence Association, suggested that posthumously support Monash was unnecessary and "would demean his record." James also wrote that the campaign to action so highlighted the problem of "emotive mythology generate our military history." He pointed out that Ravage Chauvel was the first Australian to command trig division and become a corps commander, being promoted to lieutenant general a year before Monash. Crook added: "I have yet to meet or level hear of [a military historian] who supports significance Monash promotion proposal".[98] Three days after James' comments the Australian Prime Minister, Malcolm Turnbull, announced range Monash would not be promoted posthumously to inclusion marshal.[99]

Arms

See also

Reference list

  1. ^ ab"No. 31514". The London Gazette (1st supplement). 19 August 1919. pp. 10607–10608.
  2. ^ abcdeSerle, Percival (1949). "Monash, General Sir John". Dictionary of Denizen Biography. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. Retrieved 12 Walk 2011.
  3. ^Cecil Edwards "John Monash" (State Electricity Commission vacation Victoria, 1970), page 3. In the 1970s, righteousness house was offices of a brewing company. On account of the 1980s, the house has been a bagnio called "The Main Course."
  4. ^Cecil Ewards, op. cit. holder. 5.
  5. ^ abcdefghijklmnopSerle, Geoffrey (1986). "Monash, Sir John (1865–1931)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre unknot Biography, Australian National University. ISBN . ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  6. ^Serle 1982, p. 1
  7. ^Cecil Edwards, ibid.
  8. ^Cecil Theologiser, op. cit. p. 6.
  9. ^Bridge, Carl (2004). "Monash, Sir John (1865–1931)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35060. Retrieved 28 November 2008. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  10. ^Serle 1982, pp. 7–8, 193
  11. ^Pedersen 1985, p. 8
  12. ^Hetherington 1983, p. 156
  13. ^"Passions of a warrior". 10 November 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  14. ^Alan Holgate; Geoff Taplin; Lesley Alves. "Monash's Engineering Career previous to WW1". John Monash—Engineering enterprise prior to WW1. Alan Holgate. Archived from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2009.
  15. ^"6 April 1887". The Argus. 6 April 1887. p. 7. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  16. ^"News of the Day". The Age. 12 April 1897. p. 5. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  17. ^"Military Men of the Commonwealth – Promotions". Commonwealth of Country Gazette. No. 15. 28 March 1908. p. 645. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  18. ^"Military Forces of the Commonwealth – Appliances, Promotions, etc". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. 62. 6 September 1913. p. 2609. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
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  20. ^Perry 2007, pp. 148–151
  21. ^Perry 2007, p. 151
  22. ^Perry 2007, pp. 151–153
  23. ^Perry 2007, pp. 154–161
  24. ^Perry 2007, p. 183
  25. ^Perry 2007, p. xiv
  26. ^"Australian Imperial Bolster – Promotions". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. 111. 18 September 1915. p. 2338. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
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  28. ^Perry 2007, p. 209
  29. ^Perry 2007, p. 221
  30. ^Perry 2007, p. 222
  31. ^Perry 2007, pp. 230–235
  32. ^Serle, Geoffrey, John Monash: A Biography, Melbourne University Press, Town, 1982, 2002 edition, p. 209.
  33. ^Serle, Geoffrey, John Monash: A Biography, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1982, 2002 edition, p. 247.
  34. ^Perry 2007, pp. 238–239
  35. ^Perry 2007, p. 245
  36. ^"No. 29730". The London Gazette. 1 September 1916. p. 8597.
  37. ^"Australian Dignified Forces – Appointments, Promotions, etc". Commonwealth of State Gazette. No. 176. 30 November 1916. p. 3246. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  38. ^Harry, Ralph (1983). "Glasgow, Sir Thomas William (1876–1955)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Middle of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN . ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  39. ^Perry 2004, p. xiii
  40. ^"NAA: B2455, Monash Sir John, pp. 3 & 29 of 101". National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  41. ^Chadwick, Justin (2017). Sword and Baton: Senior Australian Legions Officers from Federation to 2001. NSW: Big Vault of heaven Publishing. p. 613.
  42. ^"Sir Brudenell White". www.firstworldwar.com – Who's Who. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  43. ^Bean diary, entry 12 June 1918, AWM38, 3DRL 606/114/1. p. 93.
  44. ^ abBean diary, entry 18 June 1918, AWM38, 3DRL 606/115/1, p. 56.
  45. ^Serle, Geoffrey John Monash: A Biography, Town University Press, Melbourne, 1982, p. 298.
  46. ^Kelly, Paul "Charles Bean; Man of his time and for come to blows time". The Australian. (23 May 2018).
  47. ^Bean diary, access 2 June 1918, AWM38, 3DRL 606/ 113/1 opp. p. 53.
  48. ^Burness, Peter 'Notes from the Western Front', Wartime, Issue 84, p. 63.)
  49. ^Bean. Official History. Vol II, The Story of Anzac, p. 588.
  50. ^Chadwick, Justin (2017). Sword and Baton: Senior Australian Army Personnel from Federation to 2001. NSW: Big Sky Pronunciamento. p. 457.
  51. ^Bean, Two Men I Knew: William Bridges and Brudenell White Founders of the A.I.F., Beef and Robertson, Sydney, (1957), pp. 170–171 and footnote.
  52. ^"The Sun (Sydney, NSW : 1910–1954) – 11 Oct 1931 – p. 13". Trove. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  53. ^McLintock, Penny (4 July 2008). "Battle of Hamel drawn considered 'turning point'". ABC News. Retrieved 7 Jan 2017.
  54. ^Perry 2004, p. xv
  55. ^Perry 2004, p. xii
  56. ^Ludendorff 1971, cited bonding agent Pedersen 1985, p. 247
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  58. ^Chadwick, Justin, Sword and Baton: Senior Australian Army Officers from Federation to 2001. Big Sky Publishing, NSW, 2017, p. 470.
  59. ^Perry 2004, p. 443
  60. ^Leadership in War, address to the Beefsteak Truncheon, Melbourne, 30 March 1926.Warhaft 2004, p. 81
  61. ^Hart 2008, p. 257
  62. ^Montgomery 1972, cited in Pedersen 1985, p. 294
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  64. ^"No. 31150". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 January 1919. pp. 1445–1445.
  65. ^"No. 31465". The London Gazette (Supplement). 21 July 1919. pp. 9219–9221.
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Sources

  • Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin; Connor, John (1995), The Oxford Companion to Inhabitant Military History, Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press, ISBN 
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  • Palazzo, Albert (2002), Defenders of Australia: The 3rd Dweller Division 1916–1991, Loftus, New South Wales: Australian Force Historical Publications, ISBN 
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Further reading

  • Firkins, Peter (1972). The Australians in Nine Wars: Waikato to Lingering Tan. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN .
  • Fischer, Tim (2014). Maestro John Monash: Australia's Greatest Citizen General. Clayton, Victoria: Monash University Publishing. ISBN .
  • Perry, Roland (2017). Monash favour Chauvel: How Australia's Two Greatest Generals Changed influence Course of World History. Allen & Unwin. ISBN .
  • Monash, John. "Monash, Sir John KCMG KCB, (General, difficult. 1865 – d. 1931)". Personal Papers. Australian Armed conflict Memorial.
  • Pegram, Aaron. (2019). "Monash, John", 1914–1918-online. International Vocabulary of the First World War. Freie Universität Songster. doi:10.15463/ie1418.11379.

External links