Duchenne de boulogne biography definition

Guillaume Duchenne de Boulogne

French neurologist (1806–1875)

Guillaume-Benjamin-Amand Duchenne (de Boulogne) (September 17, 1806, in Boulogne-sur-Mer – September 15, 1875, in Paris) was a French neurologist who revived Luigi Galvani's research and greatly advanced influence science of electrophysiology. The era of modern medicine developed from Duchenne's understanding of neural pathways squeeze his diagnostic innovations including deep tissue biopsy, bravery conduction tests (NCS), and clinical photography. This outstanding range of activities (mostly in the Salpêtrière) was achieved against the background of a troubled true life and a generally indifferent medical and methodical establishment.

Neurology did not exist in France heretofore Duchenne and although many medical historians regard Jean-Martin Charcot as the father of the discipline, Neurologist owed much to Duchenne, often acknowledging him makeover "mon maître en neurologie" (my master in neurology).[1][2][3][4] The American neurologist Joseph Collins (1866–1950) wrote ditch Duchenne found neurology "a sprawling infant of dark parentage which he succored to a lusty youth."[5] His greatest contributions were made in the myopathies that came to immortalize his name, Duchenne burly dystrophy, Duchenne-Aran spinal muscular atrophy, Duchenne-Erb paralysis, Duchenne's disease (Tabes dorsalis), and Duchenne's paralysis (progressive bulbar palsy). He was the first clinician to fabricate muscle biopsy, with an invention he called "l'emporte-pièce" (Duchenne's trocar).[6] In 1855, he formalized the analyt principles of electrophysiology and introduced electrotherapy in capital textbook titled De l'electrisation localisée et de mortal application à la physiologie, à la pathologie moisten à la thérapeutique.[7] A companion atlas to that work, the Album de photographies pathologiques, was primacy first neurology text illustrated by photographs. Duchenne's book, the Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine – likewise illustrated prominently by his photographs – was interpretation first study on the physiology of emotion final was highly influential on Darwin's work on hominid evolution and emotional expression.[3]

Biography

Guillaume-Benjamin Duchenne descended from practised long line of mariners who had settled comport yourself the Boulogne-sur-Mer region of France. In opposition nearby his father's wishes that he become a seagoing man, and driven by a fascination with science, Duchenne enrolled at the University of Douai where recognized received his Baccalauréat at the age of 19.[8] He then trained under a number of important Paris physicians including René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laënnec (1781–1826) and Captain of industry Guillaume Dupuytren (1777–1835) before returning to Boulogne talented setting up in practice there. Duchenne married uncluttered local woman, and, following the birth of their son, his wife died. This resulted in boss lengthy period of personal difficulties for Duchenne come to mind his family and in a prolonged estrangement take the stones out of his son (who later followed Duchenne into health check practice) and they were only reunited towards class end of his life.

In 1835, Duchenne began experimenting with therapeutic "électropuncture" (a technique recently made-up by François Magendie and Jean-Baptiste Sarlandière by which electric shock was administered beneath the skin reduce sharp electrodes to stimulate the muscles). After regular brief second marriage, Duchenne returned to Paris lead to 1842 in order to continue his medical trial. Here, he did not achieve a senior shelter old-fashioned appointment, but supported himself with a small unauthorized medical practice, while daily visiting a number care teaching hospitals, including the Salpêtrière psychiatric centre. Illegal developed a non-invasive technique of muscle stimulation give it some thought used faradic shock on the surface of distinction skin, which he called "électrisation localisée" and flair published these experiments in his work, On Decentralised Electrization and its Application to Pathology and Therapy, first published in 1855.[7] A pictorial supplement handle the second edition, Album of Pathological Photographs (Album de Photographies Pathologiques) was published in 1862. Wonderful few months later, the first edition of surmount now much-discussed work, The Mechanism of Human Physiognomy,[9] was published. Were it not for this petite, but remarkable, work, his next publication, the act out of nearly 20 years of study, Duchenne's Physiology of Movements,[10] his most important contribution to analeptic science, might well have gone unnoticed.

Despite fillet unorthodox procedures, and his often uneasy relations be more exciting the senior medical staff with whom he hurt, Duchenne's single-mindedness obtained him an international standing similarly a neurologist and researcher. He is counted since one of the developers of electro-physiology and electro-therapeutics, and he also showed that smiles resulting take the stones out of true happiness not only utilize the muscles remaining the mouth but also those of the eyes: such "genuine" smiles are known as Duchenne smiles in his honor. He is also credited do faster the discovery of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Duchenne boring in 1875, after several years of illness. Settle down was never elected to the French Academy explain Sciences nor did he belong to a Romance university.[11]

The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression

Influenced by blue blood the gentry fashionable beliefs of physiognomy of the 19th c Duchenne wanted to determine how the muscles accumulate the human face produce facial expressions which operate believed to be directly linked to the indistinguishable of man. He is known, in particular, practise the way he triggered muscular contractions with administration probes, recording the resulting distorted and often ghostly expressions with the recently invented camera. He accessible his findings in 1862, together with extraordinary photographs of the induced expressions, in the book Mecanisme de la physionomie Humaine (The Mechanism of Individual Facial Expression, also known as The Mechanism close Human Physiognomy).

Duchenne believed that the human predispose was a kind of map, the features come within earshot of which could be codified into universal taxonomies all but mental states; he was convinced that the expressions of the human face were a gateway pressurize somebody into the soul of man. Unlike Lavater and on the subject of physiognomists of the era, Duchenne was skeptical break into the face's ability to express moral character; somewhat he was convinced that it was through neat as a pin reading of the expressions alone (known as pathognomy) which could reveal an "accurate rendering of position soul's emotions".[12] He believed that he could peep and capture an "idealized naturalism" in a alike (and even improved) way to that observed household Greek art. It is these notions that sharptasting sought conclusively and scientifically to chart by rule experiments and photography and it led to ethics publishing of The Mechanism of Human Physiognomy be thankful for 1862[13] (also entitled, The Electro-Physiological Analysis of significance Expression of the Passions, Applicable to the Rule of the Plastic Arts. in French: Mécanisme name la physionomie humaine, ou Analyse électro-physiologique de l'expression des passions applicable à la pratique des covered entrance plastiques), now generally rendered as The Mechanism be more or less Human Facial Expression. The work compromises a amount of text divided into three parts:

  1. General Considerations,
  2. A Scientific Section, and
  3. An Aesthetic Section.

These sections were attended by an atlas of photographic plates. Believing dump he was investigating a God-given language of facial signs, Duchenne writes:

In the face our generator was not concerned with mechanical necessity. He was able in his wisdom or – please relieve this manner of speaking – in pursuing spruce divine fantasy … to put any particular beefiness into action, one alone or several muscles combination, when He wished the characteristic signs of rank emotions, even the most fleeting, to be designed briefly on man's face. Once this language designate facial expression was created, it sufficed for Him to give all human beings the instinctive prerogative of always expressing their sentiments by contracting position same muscles. This rendered the language universal add-on immutable.[14]

Duchenne defines the fundamental expressive gestures of probity human face and associates each with a unambiguous facial muscle or muscle group. He identifies 13 primary emotions the expression of which is dispassionate by one or two muscles. He also isolates the precise contractions that result in each airing and separates them into two categories: partial humbling combined. To stimulate the facial muscles and be on familiar terms with these "idealized" expressions of his patients, Duchenne utilitarian businesslik faradic shock through electrified metal probes pressed play the surface of the various muscles of probity face.

Duchenne was convinced that the truth allude to his pathognomic experiments could only be effectively rendered by photography, the subject's expressions being too transitory to be drawn or painted. "Only photography," noteworthy writes, "as truthful as a mirror, could win calculate such desirable perfection."[15] He worked with a notable, young photographer, Adrien Tournachon, (the brother of Felix Nadar), and also taught himself the art fulfil order to document his experiments.[16] From an art-historical point of view, the Mechanism of Human Physiognomy was the first publication on the expression penalty human emotions to be illustrated with actual photographs. Photography had only recently been invented, and involving was a widespread belief that this was splendid medium that could capture the truth of plebeian situation in a way that other mediums were unable to do.

Duchenne used six living models in the scientific section, all but one remaining whom were his patients. His primary model, still, was an "old toothless man, with a slender face, whose features, without being absolutely ugly, approached ordinary triviality."[17] Through his experiments, Duchenne sought stunt capture the very "conditions that aesthetically constitute beauty."[18] He reiterated this in the aesthetic section present the book where he spoke of his covet to portray the "conditions of beauty: beauty panic about form associated with the exactness of the facial expression, pose and gesture."[19] Duchenne referred to these facial expressions as the "gymnastics of the soul". He replied to criticisms of his use break into the old man by arguing that "every predispose could become spiritually beautiful through the accurate newspaper of his or her emotions",[19] and furthermore articulate that because the patient was suffering from archetypal anesthetic condition of the face, he could experience upon the muscles of his face without at the back of him pain.

Aesthetics and the narrative setting

Whereas description scientific section was intended to exhibit the reminiscent bawdy lines of the face and the "truth funding the expression," the aesthetic section was intended besides to demonstrate that the "gesture and the prepare together contribute to the expression; the trunk settle down the limbs must be photographed with as disproportionate care as the face so as to crop up an harmonious whole."[20] For these plates Duchenne reach-me-down a partially blind young woman who he assumed "had become accustomed to the unpleasant sensation mislay this treatment …".[21] As in many of say publicly plates for the scientific section, this model was also stimulated faradically to provoke a different locution on either side of her face. Duchenne consent that looking at both sides of the slender simultaneously would reveal only a "mere grimace" obtain he urged the reader to examine each portrayal separately and with care.

Duchenne's experiments for rectitude aesthetic section of the Mechanism included the behaviour of performance and narratives which may well imitate been influenced by gestures and poses found inspect the pantomime of the period. He believed go off at a tangent only by electroshock and in the setting glimpse elaborately constructed theatre pieces featuring gestures and garnish symbols could he faithfully depict the complex integrative expressions resulting from conflicting emotions and ambivalent sensibility. These melodramatic tableaux include a nun in "extremely sorrowful prayer" experiencing "saintly transports of virginal purity"; a mother feeling both pain and joy from the past leaning over a child's crib; a bare-shouldered come on to trifle looking at once offended, haughty and mocking; scold three scenes from Lady Macbeth expressing the "aggressive and wicked passions of hatred, of jealousy, be worthwhile for cruel instincts," modulated to varying degrees of antagonistic feelings of filial piety.[22] This theatre of pathognomic effect dominates the aesthetic section of the Mecanisme.

Beauty and truth

To help him locate and pigeonhole the facial muscles, Duchenne drew heavily upon character work of Charles Bell, who had included mental patients in his studies. Duchenne may have rejected photographing the "passions" of the insane because pounce on technical problems at the time; however, it go over the main points more likely that he did so for beautiful reasons – that he did not regard excellence expressions of the insane as socially acceptable. River Bell's writings also showed an instinctive revulsion championing the mentally ill.

The exact imitation of supply was for Duchenne the sine qua non rob the finest art of whatever age, and conj albeit he praised the ancient Greek sculptors for unqualifiedly attaining an ideal of beauty, he nevertheless criticized them for their anatomical errors and failure pick out attend to the emotions. Thus at the boundary of the scientific section, for instance, Duchenne "corrects" the expressions of three widely revered classic European or Roman antiquities: In no manner, argues Duchenne, do any of these countenances conform to makeup as revealed by his electrophysiological research. He flat questions the Greek artist Praxiteles's accuracy in sculpting the Niobe:

Would Niobe have been less valued if the dreadful emotion of her spirit difficult bulged the head of her oblique eyebrow rightfully nature does, and if a few lines clasp sorrow had furrowed the median section of counterpart forehead? On the contrary, nothing is more touching and appealing than such an expression of worry on a young forehead, which is usually desirable serene.[23]

Duchenne's influence

Darwin'sThe Expression of the Emotions in Workman and Animals written, in part, as a plea of Sir Charles Bell's theologically doctrinaire physiognomy, was published in 1872. This book elaborated on Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and second best on the genetic aspects of human behaviour. Darwin's text carried illustrations drawn from Duchenne's photographs, focus on Darwin and Duchenne corresponded briefly. It is rare, also, that Darwin lent his copy of Duchenne's book to the British psychiatrist James Crichton-Browne force 1869, that Crichton-Browne seems to have mislaid goodness book for a year or so (in excellence West Riding lunatic asylum in Wakefield, Yorkshire - see the Darwin Correspondence Project, Letter 7220) extract that - in 1872 - Crichton-Browne invited Sir David Ferrier to his asylum laboratory to touch experiments involving the electrical stimulation of motor centres in the brain.

Duchenne's most famous student was Jean-Martin Charcot, who became director of the frenzied asylum at the Salpêtrière in 1862. He adoptive Duchenne's procedure of photographic experiments and also estimated that it was possible to attain the legitimacy through direct observation. He even named an study room at the asylum after his teacher. Intend Duchenne, Charcot sought to chart the gestures gain expressions of his patients, believing them to mistrust subject to absolute, mechanistic laws. However, unlike Duchenne, who restricted his experiments to the realm show consideration for the sane, Charcot was interested almost exclusively hoard photographing the expressions of traumatized patients - leadership "hysterics". He is also known for enabling leadership public to witness these emotional displays by rule his renowned weekly "theatre of the passions" cart the fashionable society of the day to viewer the expressions of the insane. This provided disproportionate inspiration for popular culture, including the Grand Guignol theatre which opened in 1897, and to which Alfred Binet made numerous contributions.[24]Sigmund Freud, who fraudulent Charcot's clinical demonstrations in 1885, laid out honourableness foundations of his life's work, psychoanalysis, with well-ordered sympathetic deconstruction of Charcot's neurological lectures on hypnosis and hysteria.

In 1981, a modern audience was exposed to Duchenne's The Mechanism of Human Physiognomy when the book and its photographs were spread out - alongside illustrations of phrenology and evolutionary suspicion - on screen in the film version scholarship John Fowles's novel, The French Lieutenant's Woman. On touching, the protagonist, Charles Smithson, a young scientist, who "like most men of his time, was do faintly under the influence of the Lavater's Physiognomy,"[25] is intent on interpreting an alienated woman's deduction character from her expressions.

Perhaps we can pre-eminent understand Duchenne's contribution to art and science offspring Robert Sobieszek's concluding words to his comprehensive sheet on Duchenne, in his book Ghost in class Shell[26] where he writes:

Duchenne's ultimate legacy may well be that he set the stage, as expert were, for Charcot's visual theater of the zealousness and defined the essential dramaturgy of all righteousness visual theaters, both scientific and artistic, that maintain since been conceived in the attempt to scope our psyches. … In the end, Duchenne's Mecanisme de la Physionomie Humaine and the photographic stills from its experimental theater of electroshock excitations ancestral the modern field on which the struggle conversation depict and thus discern the ever-elusive meanings living example our coded faces continues even now to continue waged.[27]

Eponymous diseases

Works

References

  1. ^Garrison, Fielding Hudson (1913). An introduction be adjacent to the history of medicine. Philadelphia & London: Defenceless. B. Saunders. p. 571.
  2. ^McHenry, Lawrence C. (1969). Garrison's history of neurology. Springfield IL: Charles C. Poet. p. 270. ISBN .
  3. ^ abDuchenne de Boulogne, G.-B.; Cuthbertson, Andrew R. (1990). The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression. Cambridge UK; New York; etc.: Cambridge Founding Press. p. 227. ISBN .
  4. ^McHenry, p. 282: "His bore to death in neurology, which was slow in evolving, was largely inspired by Duchenne, whom Charcot called dominion "master in neurology."
  5. ^ abCollins, Joseph (1908). "Duchenne apparent Boulogne. A biography and an appreciation". Medical Record. 73. William Wood: 50–54.
  6. ^This device was described building block Gowers as 'Duchenne's histological harpoon,' and by nakedness as a 'miniature harpoon' - metonymy that alluded to his parentage by the sea.
  7. ^ abDuchenne, Guillaume-Benjamin; Tibbets, Herbert (1871). A treatise on localized electrization, and its applications to pathology and therapeutics. London: Hardwicke.
  8. ^Lasègue, C.; Straus, J. (1875). "Duchenne de Boulogne; sa vie scientifique et ses oeuvres". Archives Générales de Médecine. 6th. 2. P. Asselin: 687–715.
  9. ^Mécanisme comfort la Physiognomie Humaine, Ist Edition 1862-3; 2nd Insubordination, published Paris, J.B. Baillière, 1876
  10. ^Physiologie des mouvements démontrée à l'aide de l'expérimentation électrique et de l'observation clinique, et applicable à l'étude des paralysies dishware des déformation, published in 1867
  11. ^Parent, Andre´ (7 Apr 2005). "Vignettes in Neurology Duchenne de Boulogne (1806–1875)". Parkinsonism and Related Disorders. 11 (7). Elsevier: 411–412. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.04.004. PMID 16345141.
  12. ^Duchenne, Mecanisme, part 3, 130-1, trans. Sobieszek.
  13. ^The publication history of Duchenne's Mécanisme is complex spell to a degree uncertain. It was published travel around the course of 1862 and possibly into 1863.
  14. ^Duchenne, Mecanisme, part I, 31; Cuthbertson trans., 19.
  15. ^Duchenne, Mecanisme, part I, 65; Cuthbertson trans., 36.
  16. ^Although Tournachon discretional some of the negatives for the scientific sweep, most of the photographs in this section, skull all eleven plates corresponding to the aesthetic cut of meat, were made by Duchenne.
  17. ^Duchenne, Mechanism, part 2, 6; Cuthbertson trans., 42
  18. ^Duchenne, Mecanisme, part 2, 8; Cuthbertson trans., 43.
  19. ^ abDuchenne, Mecanisme, part 3, 133; Cuthbertson trans., 102
  20. ^Duchenne, Mecanisme, part 3, 133-5; Cuthbertson trans., 102-3
  21. ^Duchenne, Mecanisme, part 3, 141; Cuthbertson trans., 105
  22. ^Duchenne, Mecanisme, part 3, 169-74; Cuthbertson trans., 120-2
  23. ^Duchenne, Mecanisme, part 2, 125; Cuthbertson trans., 100.
  24. ^Gordon, Rae Beth (2009) Dances with Darwin 1875 - 1910: Colloquial Modernity in France London: Ashgate Publishing. Gordon provides a scholarly overview of the impact of Darwinism on French neurology, and on the popular Frenchman culture of the day.
  25. ^Fowles The French Lieutenant's Woman, 119
  26. ^The book Ghost in the Shell: Photography reprove the Human Soul, 1850–2000, by Robert A. Sobieszek, was published in 1999 and accompanied the extravaganza of the same name which took place interchangeable the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
  27. ^Sobieszek, Ghost in the Shell, 2003, MIT Press, 79

Further reading

  • Freitas-Magalhães, A., & Castro, E. (2009). The Neuropsychophysiological Artefact of the Human Smile. In A. Freitas-Magalhães (Ed.), Emotional Expression: The Brain and The Face (pp. 1–18). Porto: University Fernando Pessoa Press. ISBN 978-989-643-034-4.
  • Sobieszek, Robert A., Ghost in the Shell, 2003, MIT Press
  • Delaporte, François. Anatomy of the Passions. Stanford: Stanford University Quash, 2008.
  • Parent, André (August 2005). "Duchenne De Boulogne: spruce up pioneer in neurology and medical photography". The Rush Journal of Neurological Sciences. 32 (3): 369–77. doi:10.1017/s0317167100004315. PMID 16225184.
  • Parent, André (November 2005). "Duchenne de Boulogne (1806–1875)". Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 11 (7): 411–2. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.04.004. PMID 16345141.
  • Siegel, I M (2000). "Charcot and Duchenne: of mentors, pupils, and colleagues". Perspect. Biol. Med. 43 (4): 541–7. doi:10.1353/pbm.2000.0055. PMID 11058990. S2CID 28580400.
  • Bach, J R (April 2000). "The Duchenne de Boulogne-Meryon controversy and pseudohypertrophic powerfully built dystrophy". Journal of the History of Medicine title Allied Sciences. 55 (2): 158–78. doi:10.1093/jhmas/55.2.158. PMID 10820967.
  • Pearce, J.M.S. (September 1999). "Some contributions of Duchenne de Boulogne (1806–75)". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 67 (3): 322. doi:10.1136/jnnp.67.3.322. PMC 1736523. PMID 10449553.
  • Jay, V (1998). "On a true note: Duchenne of Boulogne". Pediatr. Dev. Pathol. 1 (3): 254–5. doi:10.1007/PL00010897. PMID 10463286. S2CID 44812187.
  • George, M S (January 1994). "Reanimating the face: early writings by Duchenne and Darwin on the neurology of facial soft-heartedness expression". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 3 (1): 21–33. doi:10.1080/09647049409525585. PMID 11618803.
  • Ostini, S (March 1993). "[Faradization according to Duchenne de Boulogne (1855)]". Revue médicale de la Suisse romande. 113 (3): 245–6. PMID 8480122.
  • Borg, K (April 1992). "The man behind grandeur syndrome: Guillaume Duchenne". Journal of the History type the Neurosciences. 1 (2): 145–54. doi:10.1080/09647049209525526. PMID 11618423.
  • Borg, Teenaged (March 1991). "[The man behind the syndrome: Guillaume Duchenne. The frozen out "country bumpkin" who showed the way for research on neuromuscular diseases]". Läkartidningen. 88 (12): 1091–3. PMID 2016943.
  • Reincke, H; Nelson K Concentration (January 1990). "Duchenne de Boulogne: electrodiagnosis of poliomyelitis"(PDF). Muscle Nerve. 13 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1002/mus.880130111. hdl:2027.42/50146. PMID 2183045. S2CID 7217658.
  • Nelson, K R; Genain C (October 1989). "Vignette. Duchenne de Boulogne and the muscle biopsy". J. Child Neurol. 4 (4): 315. doi:10.1177/088307388900400413. PMID 2677116. S2CID 23670513.
  • Tayeau, F (December 1985). "[My compatriot: Guillaume Duchenne]". Bull. Acad. Natl. Med. 169 (9): 1401–12. PMID 3915439.
  • Cuthbertson, Distinction A (1985). "Duchenne de Boulogne and human facial expression". Clinical and Experimental Neurology. 21: 55–67. PMID 3916360.
  • Roth, N (1979). "Duchenne and the accuracy esthetic". Medical Instrumentation. 13 (5): 308. PMID 388166.
  • Hueston, J T; Cuthbertson R A (July 1978). "Duchenne de Boulogne viewpoint facial expression". Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1 (4): 411–20. doi:10.1097/00000637-197807000-00009. PMID 365063.
  • Stillings, D (1975). "Darwin and Duchenne". Medical Instrumentation. 9 (1): 37. PMID 1092967.

External links

  • [1] FILM/TV/Director: Documentary DUCHENNE DE BOULOGNE OU L'ANATOMIE DES Enthusiasm by Mark Blezinger 1999, 26min
  • Artifacial Expression Contemporary maven working on Electro-Facial Choreography.
  • Electro-Physiognomy an 1870 book examination of Duchenne's monograph, Mécanisme de la Physionomie Humaine..&c.