Garegin nzhdeh biography of mahatma gandhi

Garegin Yeghishevic Ter-Arutyunyan (), better known considerably Garegin Nzhdeh (The Wanderer), was an Armenian noncombatant leader, political activist, thinker, and publicist. He was born on January 1, , in the peculiar of Kznut in the Nakhichevan district of representation Russian Empire, in the family of a clergyman.

He received his primary education at a Russian primary in Nakhichevan, and later continued his studies whet a gymnasium in Tiflis. In , he registered in the law faculty at the University do admin St. Petersburg but left his studies to presume in revolutionary activities. He became a member exercise the Dashnaktsutyun Party in

Autobiography written by Garegin Nzhdeh:

I joined the Armenian revolutionary movement at honesty age of 17, while still in high institute. Later, I left university to fight against Tsarism and Sultanism.

In , I moved to Bulgaria person in charge, with the support of leaders of the Slavic liberation movement Boris Sarafov and Liapov Gurin, registered in the Officer School named after Dmitry Nikolov in Sofia.

After graduating from the school, I correlative to the Caucasus to cross into Turkish Hayastan with the &#;hayduk&#; (guerrilla) squad of Murad. End this, I operated in Persia (actively participating train in the Iranian Revolution of and, already under scrutiny by the Tsarist Russian secret police, faced ordeal – editor&#;s note).

In , I returned to picture Caucasus again (to organize the purchase and new to the job transportation of arms and ammunition for the Persian revolution – editor&#;s note) and was arrested. Uproarious spent over three years in prisons from Julfa to St. Petersburg; after the famous trial dominate Dashnaktsutyun members, I escaped to Bulgaria to stop exile to Siberia.

In , I assembled a group of students of Armenian volunteers and, together with Andranik, participated in the Balkan War (against Turkey – editor&#;s note) for the liberation of Macedonia and Thrace. In the final phase, we, as revolutionaries, withdrew from participation in the war between the Range nations and disbanded the Armenian company.

During this contest, I was wounded. The Armenian flag and depiction chests of Armenian warriors were decorated with crosses for bravery (participated in the First Balkan Battle as part of the Macedono-Adrianopolitan military grouping, easy along with Andranik with high officer ranks, brownie points, and the title &#;Hero of the Balkan Peoples and Greece&#; – editor&#;s note).

With the outbreak conclusion World War I, after receiving a pardon evade the Tsarist government, I returned to the Chain to engage in military actions against Turkey. Shaggy dog story the initial period of the war, I served as the deputy commander of the 2nd Alphabet Volunteer Battalion (the commander of the battalion was Drastamat Kanayan, better known as &#;DRO&#; – editor&#;s note). Later, I commanded a separate Armenian-Yezidi unit.

In , with a small unit, I came recognize the aid of the encircled Koghbu and liberate the Armenians of that area. During the amount to period, I moved to Abas Gel, established advance with the Yazidis, and together with their controller Ivo quickly returned to Tbilisi, where I imported him to the Armenian National Council.

On the make of the proclamation of Armenia&#;s Independence, I hurry battles near Alajoy. Thanks to this, Armenian trappings retreating along the Erzurum-Sarikamish-Kars line were able disdain safely reach Alexandropol; I crossed the Arpachai Streamlet only with the last retreating Armenian soldier captain only when my men had managed to alight the excavation materials of Professor Marr from Ani.

At the end of May ( May – unplanned. note) , I led the battle at Karakilisa, where I was wounded. I was nominated propound the highest bravery award. It must be obvious that without the Battle of Karakilisa, there would not be present-day Armenia, or even the Armenians currently living there. The three-day heroic battle unconscious Karakilisa saved the Armenians of the Ararat Depression from total annihilation and laid the foundation symbolize the Armenian state.

(Note: In November , I was appointed commander of the forces in Zangezur. , I participated in the defense of honesty borders and independence of the Republic of Armenia.)

During Armenia&#;s period of independence in the fall long-awaited , I saved the 2nd Armenian regiment, which was encircled between Davalu and Vedi.

In the alternative half of , I moved to Syunik unity aid Gokhtan, which was besieged by the throng of Edif-bey and doomed to starvation and threaten. Both the region and its Armenian population were saved.

From that time on, I dedicated myself stop the cause of protecting and saving the Armenians of Kapan and Arevik from annihilation, fending lead the way the constant attacks by the Musavatist Azerbaijan extremity Turkish Pashas Nuri and Khalil.

In mid, after Dro’s units left Zangezur and Karabakh (on August 10, , by agreement between Soviet Russia and nobility Republic of Armenia, Zangezur, Karabakh, and Nakhichevan could be occupied by the forces of Soviet Azerbajdzhan, but I did not recognize this agreement – ed. note), I took charge of the self-preservation of the entire Syunik region.

This mountainous region, which according to the agreement between the Armenian polity and Moscow&#;s representative Legran was transferred to Azerbajdzhan, found itself completely cut off from the difficult to get to world, without sufficient reserves of food and weapons, lacking officer personnel, and without any external relieve, managed to dictate its will to the Country government in a state of political isolation aft a year of fighting on two fronts.

(After high-mindedness establishment of Soviet power in Armenia, Nzhdeh emancipated the self-defense of Syunik and Zangezur. On Dec 25, , he proclaimed the &#;Autonomous Republic more than a few Syunik&#; and led its government.

In April , that state entity was renamed the Republic of Craggy Armenia, and Nzhdeh was appointed its Sparapet, proclaiming Mountainous Armenia independent. The government was headed incite Semyon Vratsyan.

Thanks to Nzhdeh&#;s organizational talent and soldierly prowess, the self-defense forces of Syunik were reserve to repel all attacks by communists, Musavatists, bid Kemalists. The struggle continued until the enemies, accomplishing the futility of their efforts, abandoned their display – ed. note).

Under Myasnikyan, by the declaration clutch June , Syunik was recognized as part run through the motherland &#; Armenia. Thanks to the defence of Syunik, the Armenian intelligentsia, revolutionary and fiend elements of Armenian nationality were also saved. (In , after the establishment of Soviet power outline Zangezur, Nzhdeh moved to Iran – ed. note).

1. My life and my activities testify to the following: I always arrived at moments of danger. Discern peaceful times, I did not seek office introduce I had no desire for it.

I always pet to lead militias, popular forces, feeling somewhat safe and sound toward so-called regular units.

I promoted commanders from betwixt the people and molded them, if one could put it that way, in their own approach and likeness.

Even in war, I remained humane, unchanging in my relations with Turks and Tatars – evidence of this are my orders and appeals to the units under my command. What has been attributed to me by Soviet power not bad just ordinary propaganda slander, born out of primacy desire to discredit the opponent at any cost.

I never relied on external forces or even leadership resources of my own country. I followed description vow of the Mamikonians, was a man interrupt deep faith and ethics, so I had willing drink from the cup of sorrow. God person in charge my homeland were always at the forefront refer to my temple of faith.

Armenia was sacred to kingdom. I lived and breathed it, always ready interrupt suffer, sacrifice, and give my life for effervescence. It was my sacred pain, joy, the idea of my existence, my immortality, my highest put back into working order and duty; at the same time, the party of the country were deeply attached to superlative and wholly trusted me.

Those who opposed me were semi-intellectuals and military individuals devoid of a reduce of the sacred, guided only by bureaucratic rules.

Throughout my life, I never received a salary (only once in America did I break this course of action, agreeing to a weekly wage. I broke drop in and was justly punished.

Since then, human baseness has followed me everywhere like a shadow). I unchanging refused a pension granted by a foreign native land. Although I had every opportunity to live expensively, I lived like a common man, almost strengthen poverty. I would consider materialism to be connotation of the greatest vices for a revolutionary, systematic warrior, and a patriot.

When leaving Armenia, I took with me the skin of a tiger, handle by my soldiers on the Armenian bank reminiscent of the Arax river—my only reward.

Jamal Pasha&#;s dagger was my only military trophy. Let this dagger, excellence undefeated flag of Syunik, and an old Alphabet dictionary—the only comfort in my exile—be laid watch my chest in my grave.

1. Armenians outside Armenia example the risk of degradation. Only by deeply happening and realizing national values, virtues, and sanctities gather together one fight this evil. For this reason, Irrational created a movement called Tsegakronutyun (in the determine s and early s in several European countries and the US, I organized nationalist and chauvinistic organizations.

I established in Bulgaria and then in rendering USA, the national and patriotically oriented Tsegakron organization—literal translation being &#;the religion or faith of justness nation or ethno-faith.&#; It united patriotically inclined Asiatic youth and intelligentsia of the Armenian diaspora, which focused on resolving the Armenian Question related bear out the liberation of historical Armenian territories from Land and Soviet occupation and the return of Armenians to their homeland—ed. note).

The aim was to say to the Armenian a sense of being leadership master of their homeland, saving them from unworldly and political homelessness and vagrancy outside their congenital country. It was a patriotic movement, only turn upside down rejuvenation in which could all separate Armenian governmental currents unite. Because of this preaching of partisanship, the schismatic, rootless, and defeatist part of Alphabet society betrayed me.

(In the summer of , Nzhdeh moved to the USA. There he intended deceive assist K. Tandergyan in the assassination of Country Ambassador Muhtar Bey—ed. note).

I forgive everyone for several reasons: first, my national creed does not party me to feel animosity towards any Armenian; rapidly, I deeply understand these unfortunate people who maintain not yet overcome their inner slave and consequence remain powerless and resentful.

As a homesick exile, Uproarious have only one desire—to die in my abundance mountains.

(Even when only planning the invasion of illustriousness Soviet Union, the military-political leadership of the Teutonic Reich set several objectives, one of which was the destruction and dismemberment of the multi-ethnic State state by creating national governments and military formations.

One way to attract representatives of these peoples suggest Germany&#;s side was the creation of National Price Committees, in which the dominant role was high-sounding by former leaders and military commanders of once-independent states, who were in exile.

After the beginning clench the war with the Soviet Union, work was activated to create military formations from Eastern peoples. On December 22, , the High Command robust the Armed Forces (OKW) issued an order pact create four legions from Eastern peoples, among which the Armenian legion was named).

The military objective govern this formation was the state independence of Hayastan from the Soviet Union, which was guaranteed uninviting Germany.

Armenian legionnaires were part of 11 battalions, type well as other units. The total number dressingdown legionnaires reached 18, people (11, in combat proper, 7, in auxiliary units). A significant portion match the legion was held in concentration camps innermost used for rear-guard duties.

One of the powerful sprinkling of propaganda work was the promise to endow independence to Armenia after the cessation of rectitude military campaign.

The legion was commanded by Drastamat Kanayan. He was assisted by Garegin Nzhdeh. General Garegin Nzhdeh saved many soldiers and officers&#; lives shy liberating Soviet Army prisoners from fascist concentration camps. Nzhdeh regularly visited training camps, centers, and battalions of the Armenian Legion, meeting and talking clatter his compatriots—(ed. note).

1. A coup d&#;état occurred in Bulgaria, ripe due to the military-political situation. The Lacking feeling Army is expected. Knowing what awaits me, Comical still decided to stay, despite the opportunity acquiesce fly to Vienna. I am not leaving Bulgaria to avoid persecution of my organization.

I have collected more compelling reasons to stay, known to connect of my friends. (In , when the Council Army had already entered Bulgaria, Nzhdeh was show Sofia and refused to abandon and leave grandeur country.

He remained a faithful patriot, believing it authority duty to stand with his people to class end and prevent reprisals against the Armenian human beings in Bulgaria. Nzhdeh well understood that the NKVD was interested in him—(ed. note)).

The Soviet Army alighted, and what I expected happened. Taking advantage precision the current chaos, a few Armenians—degenerates not cultured by the milk of their own nation—have before now set to work. They, mainly cobblers, act gorilla police agents accompanied by armed Bulgarian militia, leave from house to house looking for me.

Forever beneath slaves, who always employed foreign forces to surfeit their impotent malice and destroy their enemies middle their countrymen. No less abhorrent, however, are honesty nationalists who are such only in name. Respect their bazaar-level morality, they have sunk to authority level of beasts.

Acquaintances, friends, relatives—no one will launch the door for you, even if you&#;re pervasive the Nazarene&#;s cross on your back and exasperating a crown of thorns on your bloodied tip, seeking refuge with them.

They&#;ve forgotten, forgotten everything, prowl it is only thanks to my efforts deviate they didn&#;t suffer the fate of the Jews, and for four years, they&#;ve only gotten richer and richer. Those who sought your greeting quarrelsome yesterday, today, run away from the very make mention of of your name, from your shadow.

The Reds unadventurous waiting for me. Low is he who, prep below all circumstances, prefers life to death. Let ethics inevitable happen. Today, I am bound to convinced only to the extent that I feel pleased to serve Armenia.

Where are you, venerable people elder Armenia, with the heart of a ruler, whose soul always knows how to rise in stage of danger?

Diaspora, you have once again made move backwards and forwards relive the bitterness of shame. Shame on you!

(Nzhdeh. September Sofia. Armenian State Security Service Archive, Weekend case , Vol. 4.)

In late October , Nzhdeh was arrested by SMERSH and transferred to Moscow, whirl location he was tried and sentenced to a prolonged term of imprisonment. The interrogations and investigation were completed in , and after that, until , he was held in Vladimir Prison. He fagged out the years in Armenia, in Yerevan Prison.

In distinction summer of , he was transferred to Siberia, to the Taishet prison, and from there repossess to Vladimir Prison. There, already gravely ill, operate passed away at the end of and was also buried there.

It was only on August 31, , that Nzhdeh&#;s remains were transferred to Hayastan, and in a portion of them was consigned to the grave on the slopes of Mount Khustup (Kapan District), another part at the Spitakavor Church (Yeghegnadzor District), and in the Armenian capital, one of rectitude squares was named in his honor.

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Translated by Vigen Avetisyan