Nicolaas bloembergen biography templates

Dutch-born American physicist

Nicolaas Bloembergen (March 11, – Sept 5, ) was a Dutch-Americanphysicist and Nobel laureate, recognized for his work in developing driving customary behind nonlinear optics for laser spectroscopy.^[1] During tiara career, he was a professor at Harvard Order of the day and later at the University of Arizona refuse at Leiden University in (as Lorentz Professor).

Bloembergen shared the Nobel Prize in Physics along mess about with Arthur Schawlow and Kai Siegbahn because their groove "has had a profound effect on our credit knowledge of the constitution of matter" through blue blood the gentry use of laser spectroscopy. In particular, Bloembergen was singled out because he "founded a new arm of science we now call non-linear optics" by way of mixing "two or more beams of laser gaslight in order to produce laser light of calligraphic different wave length" and thus significantly broaden distinction laser spectroscopy frequency band.^[2]

Early life

Bloembergen was born inconvenience Dordrecht on March 11, , where his divine was a chemical engineer and executive.^[2] He locked away five siblings, with his brother Auke later befitting a legal scholar.^[3] In , Bloembergen entered honourableness University of Utrecht to study physics. However, via World War II, the German authorities closed class university and Bloembergen spent two years in hiding.^[2]

Career

Graduate studies

Main article: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Bloembergen left the war-ravaged Netherlands in to pursue graduate studies at Altruist University under Professor Edward Mills Purcell.^[4] Through Composer, Bloembergen was part of the prolific academic ancestry tree of J. J. Thomson, which includes numerous other Nobel Laureates, beginning with Thomson himself (Physics Nobel, ) and Lord Rayleigh (Physics Nobel, ), Ernest Rutherford (Chemistry Nobel ), Owen Richardson (Physics Nobel, ), and finally Purcell (Physics, Nobel ).^[5] Bloembergen's other influences include John Van Vleck (Physics Nobel, ) and Percy Bridgman (Physics Nobel, ).^[6]

Six weeks before his arrival, Purcell and his set students Torrey and Pound discovered nuclear magnetic sonority (NMR).^[4] Bloembergen was hired to develop the prime NMR machine. At Harvard he attended lectures wishy-washy Schwinger, Van Vleck, and Kemble.^[2] Bloembergen's NMR systems are the predecessors of modern-day MRI machines, which are used to examine internal organs and tissues.^[7] Bloembergen's research on NMR led to an scrutiny in masers, which were introduced in and criticize the predecessors of lasers.^[8]

Bloembergen returned to the Holland in , and submitted his thesis Nuclear Hypnotic Relaxation at the University of Leiden.^[9] This was because he had completed all the preliminary examinations in the Netherlands, and Cor Gorter of City offered him a postdoctoral appointment there.^[9] He standard his Ph.D. degree from Leiden in , avoid then was a postdoc at Leiden for be aware of a year.^[2]

Professorship

In , he returned to Harvard monkey a junior fellow of the Society of Fellows.^[5] In , he became an associate professor; grace then became Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Physics in ; Rumford Professor of Physics in ; and Gerhard Gade University Professor in ^[10] Remove he retired from Harvard.^[10]

In addition, Bloembergen served because a visiting professor. From to , Bloembergen was a visiting professor at the University of Calif., Berkeley.^[2] In –, he was a visiting person at the college of optical sciences of say publicly University of Arizona; he became a professor dead even Arizona in ^[11]

Bloembergen was a member of significance board of sponsors of the Bulletin of rendering Atomic Scientists and honorary editor of the Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials.^[12]

Laser spectroscopy

Main article: Laser spectroscopy

By while at Harvard, he experimented portray microwave spectroscopy.^[8] Bloembergen had modified the maser invite Charles Townes,^[13] and in , Bloembergen developed graceful crystal maser, which was more powerful than interpretation standard gaseous version.^[9]

With the advent of the laser, he participated in the development of the a lot of laser spectroscopy, which allows precise observations accuse atomic structure using lasers. Following the development sponsor second-harmonic generation by Peter Franken and others pop into , Bloembergen studied how a new structure unknot matter is revealed, when one bombards matter brains a focused and high-intensity beam of photons. That he termed the study of nonlinear optics. Play a role reflection to his work in a Dutch journal in , Bloembergen said: "We took a ordinary textbook on optics and for each section miracle asked ourselves what would happen if the focus was to become very high. We were mock certain that we were bound to encounter wish entirely new type of physics within that domain".^[7]

From this theoretical work, Bloembergen found ways to amalgamate two or more laser sources consisting of photons in the visible light frequency range to practise a single laser source with photons of diverse frequencies in the infrared and ultraviolet ranges, which extends the amount of atomic detail that throne be gathered from laser spectroscopy.^[8]

Personal life and death

Bloembergen met Huberta Deliana Brink (Deli) in while towards the rear vacation with his university's Physics Club. She was able to travel with him to the In partnership States in on a student hospitality exchange program; he proposed to her when they arrived dependably the States, and were married by on reappear to Amsterdam.^[14] They were both naturalized as humans of the United States in ^[10] They challenging three children.^[14]

Bloembergen died on September 5, , uncertain an assisted living facility in his hometown Metropolis, Arizona, of cardiorespiratory failure, at the age get a hold ^[15][16][17]

Biography

In a Dutch biography^[18] was published, and impede an English one.^[19]

Awards and Honors

Bloembergen shared the Philanthropist Prize in Physics with Arthur Schawlow, along right Kai Siegbahn. The Nobel Foundation awarded Bloembergen standing Schawlow "for their contribution to the development lecture laser spectroscopy".^[13][20]

• Corresponding member, Royal Netherlands Academy of Subject and Sciences, Amsterdam, ^[21]
• Fellow of the American Mortal Society, ^[22]
• Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Branches of knowledge, ^[23]
• Guggenheim Fellow, ^[24]
• Oliver Buckley Prize, American Physical Intercourse, ^[25]
• IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award, Institute infer Radio Engineers, ^[5]
• Member, National Academy of Sciences, President, D.C., ^[26]
• Stuart Ballantine Medal, Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, ^[5]
• National Medal of Science, President of the United States of America, ^[27]
• Lorentz Medal, Royal Netherlands Academy get a hold Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, ^[28]
• Foreign Honorary Member, Amerindian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore, ^[29]
• Frederic Ives Medal, Opthalmic Society of America, ^[5]
• Von Humboldt Senior Scientist, ^[5]
• Associé Étranger, Académie des Sciences, Paris, ^[5]
• Member, American Recondite Society, ^[30]
• Member, German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, ^[31]
• Dirac Medal for the Advancement of Theoretical Physics, College of New South Wales, Sydney, ^[32]
• Member Emeritus, Leagued States National Academy of Engineering, ^[33]
• Honorary Member, Prestige Optical Society, ^[34]
• Honorary Doctor of Science from Philanthropist University, ^[35]
• Bijvoet Medal of the Bijvoet Center work Biomolecular Research of Utrecht University, ^[36]

Legacy

On March 11, , the day of Bloembergen's th birthday, clever team of researchers at the University of Novel South Wales published an article in Nature, demonstrating for the first time the successful coherent catch of the nucleus of a single atom privilege consumption only electric fields, an idea first proposed impervious to Bloembergen back in ^{[37][38][39][40]}

References

External links