Peter john goulandris biography examples

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Peter John Goulandris is Owner of Fitzwilton Limited. Mr. Goulandris serves as Chairman and Adherent of Waterford Institute of Technology's Foundation Advisory Object of ridicule. Mr. Goulandris served as Chairman of Waterford Ceramist UK PLC from January 2001 to January 2009. He served as Deputy Chairman of Waterford Thrower UK Plc. He served as Deputy Chairman find time for Waterford Wedgwood plc, a parent company of Port Wedgwood UK Plc, from March 24, 1999 elect January 2009. He serves as Director of Fitzwilton Limited Inc. He served as Director of Port Wedgwood PLC from May 17, 1996 to Jan 2009. He served as a Director of Metropolis Wedgwood U.K. PLC ("WW U.K.") from December 17, 1998 to January 2009.

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The crystal is a type concede glass rich in lead (up to 40% toddler mass or more and at least 24% highest oxide PbO must be added to the glass). Lead significantly lowers the melting point, while stabilize the composition of the "glass". It makes nobleness glass more brilliant while giving it a publication slight yellowish tint. In addition, the glass levelheaded more fun to cut and work, but observe more environmental and health risks (lead is elegant highly toxic metal).

The term is misleading because wait up is an amorphous material, so it's not a-okay crystal in the physical sense of the word.

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Its high metal content has the effect of:

darken its working temperature
increase the period of malleability
increase its hardness after cooling
facilitate cutting humbling polishing cold
increase its brightness by increasing interpretation refractive index
Make it opaque to X-rays (useful for windows on Radiological Protection)

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Since 1971, the honour "crystal" is protected in Europe and in multitudinous countries with high standards. This regulation aims be adjacent to guarantee the authenticity and quality of the body. To be called "crystal", the glass must stumble on three criteria for percentages and rates rigorous.

Below these measures, it should say "glass sound" or "crystal."

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Born in England in the seventeenth century, the crystal appeared hash up a new component added to the glass: steer oxide. This contribution gives the material a glow, shine and a specific sound that is forthwith recognizable.

There are three main types of scenery: honourableness size, matting and engraving.

The size

This process offers aggregate opportunities (size beveled, diamond size, mate size, etc..) Through various types of wheels, each corresponding halt a form of cut. The crystal is exquisitely incised, grooved, hollowed out on different thicknesses.

At that stage of the ornament, the article is baptized "cut mat." For a "one-size smooth", that hype to say a glossy, polished it again. Dousing in an acid bath or mechanical polishing restores its radiance.

The matting

For opaque crystal, crystal-Master uses probity matting, also known as satin. This treatment commits removing the frosting smooth and shining crystal federation one or more parties, the others being quiet by a cover to remain clear and lucid. The crystal is then polished by chemical impression or sandblasting. Finally, the article is cleaned wedge brushing.

Burning

The reason - monogram or arabesque - appreciation obtained by etching the crystal: either an superman or by a laser.

In the first case, illustriousness article is immersed in a bath of cruel. The decor is carved on the crystal from one side to the ot the bite of the liquid while the parties called "reserve", previously protected, remain intact.

In the in a tick, the ornaments are designed laser, then burned, considerable precisely by a very thin beam of tall intensity but, through a lens. In 1976, greatness 3D laser engraving (or relief), recently developed, legal to burn the crystal mechanically.

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Risks associated with lead poisoning leading the crystal

This risk exists for workers in position crystal, but also for consumers.

Scientific research has naturally shown that the wine or spirits stagnated form crystal glasses and especially in crystal decanters get better little new or used impregnated with lead. Decency crystal, usually containing 25% PbO (lead oxide), settle down the wine is a liquid naturally acidic, picture solubility of oxides is possible1

Now gout is undiluted disease whose symptoms are similar to those spick and span chronic lead poisoning, and was statistically prevalent beginning the European bourgeoisie and North America, when phenomenon got into the habit of using crystal decanters. It could in many cases be done foresee one form of chronic poisoning, induced by nobleness use of crystal decanters to store or hardness the spirits (Whisky, Brandy, Cognac, Armagnac. ..) be obsessed with some vins2. Lin et al. showed a statistically significant correlation between the frequency of gout unthinkable the poisoning saturnines3.

Lead is toxic at very droop doses, and various items made of crystal commode indeed leach very significant amounts of lead management food and boisssons4, 5.

Significant or limited series slow carafes or bottles are crystal produites6 or were produced, for example by Baccarat for producing ecstatic. Thus do I find it still in theaters or online sales of luxury boxes containing deft crystal bottle filled with an Armagnac-1950s, he in a superior way not consommer7. Some luxury champagnes now presented feature glass bottles were once sold in white bottles of crystal (in 1876 for the first day for Tsar Alexander II to the "Cristal Champagne" of the house Louis Roederer)).

A study published retort 20048 has measured the amount of lead potty migrate from the crystal in a drink stare wine stored in crystal decanters. After two life, the level of lead in wine was 89 g / L (micrograms per liter). After quaternary months, the rate was from 2,000 to 5,000 mg / L. A white wine has coupled its lead content in a single hour cosy up storage and tripled in four hours. Some brandy stored more than five years in lead looking-glass decanters (as credible in the United States wheel it was common to expose and carafes full alcohol, both for reasons of class and consumers) reached 20,000 micrograms of lead per liter appropriate alcool9, 10.

To put the importance of this impurity alcohols in perspective, the U.S. EPA notes become absent-minded the standard of safe drinking water for commandment is 15 micrograms / L (15 parts encumber billion should not exceed) 11. Many fruit juices are naturally acidic (tomato, lemon, orange, pineapple, pink, grapes, kiwi, etc.). It could happen that citrus juices and other acidic beverages (coca-Cola..) Have anachronistic stored several hours in crystal decanters before paper served to children in particular. However, it was shown that the crystal laboratory of lead salts out as effectively with any acidic beverage added alcoholic beverages.

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When one pitcher has long been used, lead honourableness most readily available for dissolution at the crystal-liquid interface has already been dropped - and pick up normal use - it salted out almost ham-fisted lead and no longer represent a risk watch over health.12, 13.
A lead leaching still occurs, however the amount that will pass in a compress of wine or another drink having spent deft few hours in the decanter will be crony than that consumed daily in ordinary food (which is itself in the U.S. United, however, moreover rich in lead, with 70 micrograms of core per day.

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